Chapter 1 Objectives v Identify basic objectives to

Chapter 1 Objectives v Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language v Divide medical words into their component parts v Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language. v Use these combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to build medical words. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1

Basic Word Structure Chapter 1 Pages 1 – 32

Pages 2 – 3 Objectives in Studying the Medical Language 1. Analyze words by dividing them into component parts 2. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body 3. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

Pages 3 – 6 Word Analysis v Root = the foundation of the word v Suffix = the word ending v Prefix = beginning of the word v Combining vowel (usually o) = it joins one word part to another. • Combining form = the root plus the combining vowel. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

Pages 3 – 6 Word Analysis (Cont’d) v Three general rules: 1. READ from the suffix → beginning and across 2. DROP the combining vowel if suffix begins with a vowel • 3. gastritis ≠ gastroitis KEEP combining vowel between two roots • gastroenterology ≠ gastrenterology Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5

Pages 3 – 6 Word Analysis (Cont’d) Gastritis v Root: gastr = stomach v Combining vowel: none v Suffix: –itis = inflammation means inflammation of the stomach Gastroenterology v Root: gastr = stomach v Root: enter = intestines v Combining vowel: o v Suffix: –logy = process of study means process of study of the stomach and intestines Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6

Pages 3 – 6 Word Analysis (Cont’d) hematology v Root: hemat = blood v Combining vowel: o v Suffix: –logy = process of study means process of study of blood Electrocardiogram v Root: electr = electricity v Root: cardi = heart v Combining vowel: o v Suffix: –gram = record means record of the electricity in the heart Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7

Pages 3 – 6 Word Analysis (Cont’d) Hypogastric v Prefix: hypo– = below v Root: gastr = stomach v Suffix: –ic = pertaining to Epigastric v Prefix: epi– = above v Root: gastr = stomach v Suffix: –ic = pertaining to means pertaining to below the stomach means pertaining to above the stomach Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8

Chapter 1 Pronunciation of Terms v When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: • ā as in āpe • ō as in ōpen v When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: • ă as in ăpple • ŏ as in pŏt v The capitalized syllable is accented. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9

Chapter 1 Pronunciation of Terms Examples adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs biology bī-OL-ō-jē cephalic se-FĂL-ĭk iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JĔN-ĭk resection rē-SĔK-shŭn Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10

Page 7 Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Example aden/o gland arthr/o bi/o joint life carcin/o cardi/o cancerous, cancer heart adenoma, adenitis arthritis biology biopsy carcinoma cephal/o head cardiology cephalic Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11

Page 8 Combining Forms (Cont’d) Combining Form Meaning Example cerebr/o cerebrum (largest part of the brain) to cut to secrete (to form and give off) urinary bladder (a sac, cyst, or sac containing fluid) cerebral cis/o crin/o cyst/o incision, excision endocrine gland cystoscopy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12

Page 9 Combining Forms (Cont’d) Combining Form Meaning Example cyt/o derm/o, dermat/o cell skin electr/o encephal/o enter/o cytology dermatitis, hypodermic electrocardiogram electroencephalogram intestines electricity brain intestines (usually small intestine) red erythrocyte stomach gastrectomy, gastrotomy erythr/o gastr/o Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13

Page 10 Combining Forms (Cont’d) Combining Form Meaning glyc/o gnos/o sugar knowledge gynec/o hemat/o, hem/o hepat/o iatr/o Example hyperglycemia diagnosis, prognosis woman, female gynecology blood hematology, hematoma, hemoglobin liver hepatitis treatment, iatrogenic physician Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14

Pages 10 – 11 Combining Forms (Cont’d) Combining Form Meaning leuk/o log/o nephr/o neur/o onc/o white study of kidney nerve tumor (cancerous) eye bone disease child ophthalm/o oste/o path/o ped/o Example leukocyte dermatology nephritis, nephrology neurology oncology, oncologist ophthalmoscope osteitis, osteoarthritis pathology, pathologist pediatric, orthopedist Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15

Page 12 Combining Forms (Cont’d) Combining Form Meaning Example psych/o mind radi/o ren/o rhin/o sarc/o sect/o thromb/o ur/o x-rays kidney nose flesh to cut clot, clotting urinary tract, urine psychology, psychiatrist radiology renal rhinitis sarcoma resection thrombocyte urologist, urology Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16

Page 13 Suffixes Suffix Meaning -ac, -al, -ic, ical pertaining to -algia -cyte -ectomy -emia -genic -globin Example cardiac, neural, gastric, neurologic pain arthralgia, neuralgia cell erythrocyte excision, removal nephrectomy blood condition leukemia produced by or in carcinogenic, (producing) pathogenic, iatrogenic protein hemoglobin Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17

Pages 13 – 14 Suffixes (Cont’d) Suffix Meaning Example -gram -ion -ist -itis -logy -oma record process specialist inflammation process of study tumor, mass, swelling process of viewing condition, usually abnormal electroencephalogram excision ophthalmologist cystitis endocrinology hepatoma -opsy -osis biopsy nephrosis, leukocytosis Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

Page 14 Suffixes (Cont’d) Suffix Meaning Example -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine process of visually examining state of; condition process of cutting, incision process, condition enteropathy, adenopathy endoscope -scopy -sis -tomy -y endoscopy, colonoscopy prognosis osteotomy gastroenterology Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19

Pages 14 – 15 Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example a-, anaut-, autodia- no, not, without self, own complete, through within above, upon anemia autopsy diagnosis endoepiex-, exohyper endocrinologist epigastric, epidermis out, outside of, excision, exocrine outward glands excessive, above, hyperthyroidism more than normal Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20

Pages 14 – 15 Prefix hypoinperiproreretrosubtrans- Prefixes (Cont’d) Meaning deficient, below, under, less than normal into, in surrounding, around before, forward back, backward, again behind below, under across, through Example hypogastric, hypoglycemia incision pericardium prostate gland resection retrocardiac subhepatic transhepatic Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21