Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization Characteristics of Life Homeostasis Model

Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization Characteristics of Life Homeostasis Model

I. Introduction § Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday § Anatomy is the

I. Introduction § Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday § Anatomy is the oldest medical science § 1600 B. C. § Physiology is the study of function § Biochemistry § Biology § Chemistry § Genetics

Structure and Function § Anatomy § Investigates the structures of the body § What

Structure and Function § Anatomy § Investigates the structures of the body § What they are made of § Where they are located § Associated structures § Physiology § Investigation of the processes or functions of living things § Functions of anatomical structures § Individual and cooperative functions

II. Levels of Organization § The Chemical (or Molecular) Level § Atoms are the

II. Levels of Organization § The Chemical (or Molecular) Level § Atoms are the smallest chemical units § Atoms combine to form molecules § Molc. form organelles § The Cellular Level § Smallest functional unit of an organism § All cells are similar in some ways § Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

II. Levels of Organization § The Tissue Level § Tissues are a groups of

II. Levels of Organization § The Tissue Level § Tissues are a groups of similar cells working together to produce a common function § Four types: § Epithelial tissue-covers the surface of the body and lines cavities § Muscle tissue-provides movement § Connective tissue- connects tissues, supports and protects body organs § Nervous tissues-rapid communication throughout body

II. Levels of Organization § The Organ Level § An organ is a group

II. Levels of Organization § The Organ Level § An organ is a group of different tissues working together composed of at least 2 tissue types usu. 4 though § The Organ System Level § Organ systems are a group of organs working together to perform a certain function § Humans have 11 organ systems § The Organism Level § Comprised of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Figure 1. 1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule Chemical

Figure 1. 1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Slide 7 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organismal level The human organism is made Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. up of many organ systems. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

III. Characteristics of Life § Maintain Boundaries § Inside/outside § Integument & cell membranes

III. Characteristics of Life § Maintain Boundaries § Inside/outside § Integument & cell membranes § Movement § Muscles & circ. of body fluids § Responsiveness § Sense changes in environment & respond § Withdrawal reflex or homeostatic feedback mechanism (CO 2) § Digestion § Breakdown & absorb nutrients from GI tract blood

III. Characteristics of Life § Metabolism § All chemical rxns that occur in our

III. Characteristics of Life § Metabolism § All chemical rxns that occur in our cells § Catabolism-breaking down reactants to smaller products (sucrose glu + fru) § Anabolism-adding reactants to build up a larger product (enzyme) § Cellular Respiration/Metabolismproduction of ATP for work § Regulated by hormones

III. Characteristics of Life § Excretion § Excrete waste products such as CO 2,

III. Characteristics of Life § Excretion § Excrete waste products such as CO 2, urea, and fiber § Reproduction § Cellular repro. -cell divides into two identical daughter cells for growth and repair § Organismal repro. -produces a new individual through sexual reproduction § Growth § Increase in size of cell and/or number of cells

III. Characteristics of Life Factors required for our survival: § Nutrients § Oxygen §

III. Characteristics of Life Factors required for our survival: § Nutrients § Oxygen § Water § Normal body temp. § Appropriate atmospheric pressure

IV. Homeostasis § “Unchanging” § Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external

IV. Homeostasis § “Unchanging” § Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions. § Allows changes within narrow limits. § “Dynamic Equilibrium” § Examples?

Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation § Autoregulation/ Intrinsic Regulation § Automatic response in a cell,

Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation § Autoregulation/ Intrinsic Regulation § Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change § Extrinsic regulation § Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

All homeostatic feedback loops have the same steps: Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result

All homeostatic feedback loops have the same steps: Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result

Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Deviation from the set point. This error

Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Deviation from the set point. This error is measured by the sensor Receptor that senses change in stimulus Compares signal coming in to “set point” —usually a part of the brain Usually an organ or tissue Response Change that occurs Result due to change

Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Negative Integrator Effector Response Result Positive

Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Negative Integrator Effector Response Result Positive

Regulation of Homeostasis § Negative Feedback System § § Common Reverses Change Results in

Regulation of Homeostasis § Negative Feedback System § § Common Reverses Change Results in Fluctuations about Set Point Examples? § Positive Feedback System § Rare § Change is amplified § Examples?

Neg. Feedback Homeostatic Mechs § Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable

Neg. Feedback Homeostatic Mechs § Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable § What is your body temperature set point? § Error: values that are still normal values that are not the “set point” § There is a normal range of values OR “ERROR” for any homeostatic feedback system in the body § What are some error values for our body temperature?

Example 1: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) involving the brain. § Temperature regulation

Example 1: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) involving the brain. § Temperature regulation

Body Temperature Homeostasis Stimulus Increase in body temperature Sensor thermoreceptors in the skin &

Body Temperature Homeostasis Stimulus Increase in body temperature Sensor thermoreceptors in the skin & hypothalamus Integrator Hypothalamus Effector Skin blood vessels and sweat glands Response Blood vessels in skin vasodilate release heat from surface Sweat glands in skin release heat as sweat Result Decrease in body temperature

Disturbance of Homeostasis § Physiological systems work to restore balance § Disturbance-failure to maintain

Disturbance of Homeostasis § Physiological systems work to restore balance § Disturbance-failure to maintain homeostasis (balance) that results in disease or death. § Can you think of a disturbance for body temperature?

Example 2: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) not involving the brain. § Blood glucose

Example 2: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) not involving the brain. § Blood glucose regulation

Blood glucose http: //jazdb 2 b. files. wordpr ess. com/2009/07/bloodtesttube-inline. jpg • 70 -110

Blood glucose http: //jazdb 2 b. files. wordpr ess. com/2009/07/bloodtesttube-inline. jpg • 70 -110 mg/dl blood • Cellular respiration • Brain function • Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) ATP www. histol. chuvashia. com/im ages/digestive/pancreas http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/Images/Pancreas. jpg

Blood Glucose Homeostasis blood glucose (120 mg/dl) b-cells of Isl. of Lang. Insulin in

Blood Glucose Homeostasis blood glucose (120 mg/dl) b-cells of Isl. of Lang. Insulin in blood Body cells, adipose, liver and skeletal muscle Liver and skeletal muscle uptake glucose glycogen blood glucose (110 mg/dl) www. histol. chuvashia. com/im ages

Blood Glucose Homeostasis Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result Disturbance (i. e. Diabetes melitus)

Blood Glucose Homeostasis Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result Disturbance (i. e. Diabetes melitus)

Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and

Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) insulin http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/I mages/Pancreas. jpg

Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and

Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) insulin Blood glucose http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/I mages/Pancreas. jpg Disturbance=prevents homeostatic feedback loop from establishing homeostasis

Example 3: Is this a negative feedback system or positive feedback system? How do

Example 3: Is this a negative feedback system or positive feedback system? How do you know?