Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization
- Slides: 28
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization Characteristics of Life Homeostasis Model
I. Introduction § Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday § Anatomy is the oldest medical science § 1600 B. C. § Physiology is the study of function § Biochemistry § Biology § Chemistry § Genetics
Structure and Function § Anatomy § Investigates the structures of the body § What they are made of § Where they are located § Associated structures § Physiology § Investigation of the processes or functions of living things § Functions of anatomical structures § Individual and cooperative functions
II. Levels of Organization § The Chemical (or Molecular) Level § Atoms are the smallest chemical units § Atoms combine to form molecules § Molc. form organelles § The Cellular Level § Smallest functional unit of an organism § All cells are similar in some ways § Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together
II. Levels of Organization § The Tissue Level § Tissues are a groups of similar cells working together to produce a common function § Four types: § Epithelial tissue-covers the surface of the body and lines cavities § Muscle tissue-provides movement § Connective tissue- connects tissues, supports and protects body organs § Nervous tissues-rapid communication throughout body
II. Levels of Organization § The Organ Level § An organ is a group of different tissues working together composed of at least 2 tissue types usu. 4 though § The Organ System Level § Organ systems are a group of organs working together to perform a certain function § Humans have 11 organ systems § The Organism Level § Comprised of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Figure 1. 1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Slide 7 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organismal level The human organism is made Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. up of many organ systems. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
III. Characteristics of Life § Maintain Boundaries § Inside/outside § Integument & cell membranes § Movement § Muscles & circ. of body fluids § Responsiveness § Sense changes in environment & respond § Withdrawal reflex or homeostatic feedback mechanism (CO 2) § Digestion § Breakdown & absorb nutrients from GI tract blood
III. Characteristics of Life § Metabolism § All chemical rxns that occur in our cells § Catabolism-breaking down reactants to smaller products (sucrose glu + fru) § Anabolism-adding reactants to build up a larger product (enzyme) § Cellular Respiration/Metabolismproduction of ATP for work § Regulated by hormones
III. Characteristics of Life § Excretion § Excrete waste products such as CO 2, urea, and fiber § Reproduction § Cellular repro. -cell divides into two identical daughter cells for growth and repair § Organismal repro. -produces a new individual through sexual reproduction § Growth § Increase in size of cell and/or number of cells
III. Characteristics of Life Factors required for our survival: § Nutrients § Oxygen § Water § Normal body temp. § Appropriate atmospheric pressure
IV. Homeostasis § “Unchanging” § Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions. § Allows changes within narrow limits. § “Dynamic Equilibrium” § Examples?
Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation § Autoregulation/ Intrinsic Regulation § Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change § Extrinsic regulation § Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
All homeostatic feedback loops have the same steps: Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result
Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Deviation from the set point. This error is measured by the sensor Receptor that senses change in stimulus Compares signal coming in to “set point” —usually a part of the brain Usually an organ or tissue Response Change that occurs Result due to change
Homeostatic Feedback Loops Stimulus Sensor Negative Integrator Effector Response Result Positive
Regulation of Homeostasis § Negative Feedback System § § Common Reverses Change Results in Fluctuations about Set Point Examples? § Positive Feedback System § Rare § Change is amplified § Examples?
Neg. Feedback Homeostatic Mechs § Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable § What is your body temperature set point? § Error: values that are still normal values that are not the “set point” § There is a normal range of values OR “ERROR” for any homeostatic feedback system in the body § What are some error values for our body temperature?
Example 1: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) involving the brain. § Temperature regulation
Body Temperature Homeostasis Stimulus Increase in body temperature Sensor thermoreceptors in the skin & hypothalamus Integrator Hypothalamus Effector Skin blood vessels and sweat glands Response Blood vessels in skin vasodilate release heat from surface Sweat glands in skin release heat as sweat Result Decrease in body temperature
Disturbance of Homeostasis § Physiological systems work to restore balance § Disturbance-failure to maintain homeostasis (balance) that results in disease or death. § Can you think of a disturbance for body temperature?
Example 2: Negative homeostatic feedback mechanism (loop) not involving the brain. § Blood glucose regulation
Blood glucose http: //jazdb 2 b. files. wordpr ess. com/2009/07/bloodtesttube-inline. jpg • 70 -110 mg/dl blood • Cellular respiration • Brain function • Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) ATP www. histol. chuvashia. com/im ages/digestive/pancreas http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/Images/Pancreas. jpg
Blood Glucose Homeostasis blood glucose (120 mg/dl) b-cells of Isl. of Lang. Insulin in blood Body cells, adipose, liver and skeletal muscle Liver and skeletal muscle uptake glucose glycogen blood glucose (110 mg/dl) www. histol. chuvashia. com/im ages
Blood Glucose Homeostasis Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response Result Disturbance (i. e. Diabetes melitus)
Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) insulin http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/I mages/Pancreas. jpg
Blood glucose homeostasis is disrupted by both types of Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) insulin Blood glucose http: //www. theholisticcare. com/cure%20 diseases/I mages/Pancreas. jpg Disturbance=prevents homeostatic feedback loop from establishing homeostasis
Example 3: Is this a negative feedback system or positive feedback system? How do you know?
- Chapter 1 introduction to human anatomy and physiology
- Distal and proximal
- Cranial cephalic
- Functional organization of the human body
- Costa's level of question
- Levels of organization in the human body
- Levels of organization atom
- 6 levels of organization
- Levels of organization
- Levels of biological organization
- K strategist curve
- In what ways are herbivores and carnivores alike?
- Which of the following is the smallest part of a plant
- Levels of organization in an ecosystem
- Chapter 3 lesson 1 introduction to global systems
- 5 levels of organization
- Levels of biological organization from smallest to largest
- Ammonium
- Levels of organization in an ecosystem
- Levels of organization ecosystem
- Levels of organization in the biosphere
- Density independent factors biology
- Population community ecosystem biome biosphere
- Levels of organization in the biosphere
- Rules of binomial nomenclature
- Levels of organization ecosystem
- Levels of biological organization
- Levels of structural organization
- Levels of organization smallest to largest