Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Science Bellringer Scientific

Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Science

Bellringer: Scientific Method 1. 2. What is the scientific method? List the 5 basic steps of the scientific method.

Scientific Process n The scientific method • The formal, organized steps that scientists follow when proposing and testing a problem • 5 basic steps Identify the problem or question n Make a hypothesis n Test the hypothesis n Interpret and analyze the results n Report the results, procedures and conclusions. n

Scientific Process n Inductive reasoning • Propose a process that explains the facts you observe n Deductive reasoning • Propose what you would observe should a known process take place n Theory • Scientific explanation with observable evidence to support it

Chapter 2 The History of Oceanography

4 Main Stages n n Ancient uses and explorations (5000 B. C. -800 A. D. ) The Middle Ages (800 A. D. -1400) European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700) The birth and growth of modern marine science (1700 -1900)

Ancient Uses and Explorations n Why did early civilization interact with the ocean? • To search for food • Trade with other cultures • Discover new lands n 3200 B. C. -Earliest recorded sea voyage • Egyptians traveled from Phoenicia to Egypt

Ancient Navigation n Piloting-mark course using visible landmarks Sun, constellations and cloud formation when not in sight of land Birds and smells

Ancient Greek Exploration n The first primary civilization to apply mathematics to navigation. Produced sophisticated maps Recognized the world was spherical

Important Greeks n Pytheas • Discovered how to determining north and south position by using the angle of the North Star and the horizon. • Discovered the connection between the lunar cycle and the tides in the Atlantic

Important Greeks n Eratosthenes • Calculated the Earth’s circumference • Invented the latitude/longitude system n Irregular because of alterations

Important Greeks n Herodotus • Published a map that was one of the earliest maps of the world known by the Greeks n Ptolemy • Published a map depicting the Earth as a sphere • Improved upon Hipparchus’ latitude/longitude system n Divided the grid into degrees, minutes and arc seconds

Herodotus’ Map of the World

Latitude/Longitude System n Purpose • Identify specific locations on the Earth n Latitude • Run east to west • Called parallels • Equator is a parallel and is 0˚ • The parallels at the poles are 90˚

Longitude n n Run north and south Called meridians The converge at the north and south poles The Prime Meridian • 0˚longitude • Runs through Greenwich England

Latitude/Longitude Grid

The Middle Ages (800 A. D. -1400) n European Middle Ages • Decline of the Roman Empire • Little ocean exploration except for the Vikings n Viking Explorations • 9 th century: North Atlantic Ice freed • Allowed exploration westward • Discovered Iceland Greenland

The Middle Ages (800 A. D. -1400) n Chinese Explorations • Invented the compass around 1000 A. D. • 1400 s- ships built with central rudders and water tight compartments

European Voyages (1400 -1700) n The End of the Middle Ages • 1400 s- new interest in discovery and education • Economics, politics and religion became primary motives for long ocean voyages. • Route around Africa to India was sought n West coast of Africa was mapped by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Exploration of the New World n 1519 - Magellan set sail to circumnavigate the world • Started with 5 ships, 1 returned in 1522 • Never made it home, died in the Philippines. n Francis Drake completed the second circumnavigation of the world.

Birth of Marine Science (1700 -1900) n James Cook • Led the first sea expedition devoted to the study of oceanography in 1768. • Invented the chronometer in 1735 • Was ordered to try and find Antarctica, but never did • Tried to find a northwest passage connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans above North America

U. S. Exploring Expeditions n n n 1836 - Congress sent out 5 ships to explore the southern oceans Proved Antarctica existed 19 volumes of maps, texts and illustrations documented discoveries

Matthew Maury n n n Father of physical oceanography An authority on ocean exploration and science 1855 - published The Physical Geography of the Sea • First textbook on modern physical oceanography

Darwin and the H. M. S. Beagle n 5 year voyage • Observations led him n n To conclude that coral reefs form by growing upward as the sea floor sinks To formulate his theories of natural selection and evolution

The Challenger Expedition n Launched in 1872 First voyage launched solely for marine science 4 year mission • Report took over 23 years to complete and filled 50 volumes n Discovered the Marianas Trench and Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The Challenger Expedition n n First soundings over 4000 meters deep Captured biological specimens from midwater and bottom using tows Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species

20 th Century Marine Science n n n Industrial revolution occurred Steam engines and iron ships revolutionize ocean transportation Three expeditions

The Meteor Expedition n n 1925 Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in just over 2 years Established patterns of circulation in Atlantic Created the first detailed ocean floor map using echo-soundings

U. S. S. Atlantis n n First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies Continued to add to the studies of the Meteor

The Challenger II Expedition n 1951 Located the deepest known spot in the ocean within the Marianas Trench Spot was named the Challenger Deep • 10, 838 m deep (35, 558 ft)

Exploring the Deep n n n Submersibles- Allow for direct observations of undersea life Bathyspheres-Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cable, no longer used. Bathyscaphe-Free moving vessel • Trieste: Only vessel to ever visit the bottom of the Challenger Deep

Scuba n n n First system was developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan in 1943 Cheaper and less complex than submersibles Limited in depth and duration

Other Vehicles n Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) n • Small, unmanned submarines • Propellers, video cameras • Tethered to the boat by cable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) • Untethered robotic device • Propelled by self-contained power systems

Other Technology n LORAN (Long Range Navigation) • Also called Loran-C • Used land based radio transmitters along the coasts • Not very accurate n GPS (Global Positioning System) • Replaced the Loran in the 1990 s • Works everywhere, all the time!

Assignment n Use pages 2 -3 -> 2 -18 to answer the following: • P. 2 -3 #2 • P. 2 -4 #1, 2, 5 -7, 9 -11