Chapter 1 Introduction to Machinery Principles Edit by
Chapter 1 Introduction to Machinery Principles Edit by Chi-Shan Yu Electric Machinery 1
Instructor • 俞齊山 (Chi-Shan Yu), • E-mail: chsyu@tea. ntue. edu. tw Electric Machinery 2
Text book and supplementary materials of this course • Stephen J. Chapman • , PH PTR , 5 th edition (Feb. 18, 2011), 東華書局代理 Electric Machinery 3
Reference book • A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric Machinery, Mc. Graw-Hill , 6 th edition (July 25, 2002) Electric Machinery 4
Electric Machinery 5
Introduction to Electric machinery Fundamental Electric Machinery 6
Introduction to Electric machinery Fundamental Electric Machinery 7
What to learn in this course ? • Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas introduced in this course • Which types of energy conversion are concerned? • Electric energy to electric energy – Transformer • Electric energy to mechanical energy – Motor • Mechanical energy to electric energy – Generator • Magnetic energy is essential ! Electric Machinery 8
Course Outlines - Overview of relative electromagnetic theories (3 wks) • Magnetic field: Ampere’s law • Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics • Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law Electric Machinery 9
Course Outlines - Overview of relative electromagnetic theories (conti) • Magnetic circuit • Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force Electric Machinery 10
Course Outlines - Transformer (3 wks) • Ideal/non-ideal transformer • Equivalent transformer circuit • Voltage regulation, efficiency Electric Machinery 11
Course Outlines - Basic electric machine (motor/generator) theories (3 wks) • AC machine : induction machine, synchronous machine • DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series excited, compound excited • How the motor rotates ? – Torque/speed • How the generator to build output voltage ? – Voltage/current Electric Machinery 12
Course Outline - induction (asynchronous) machine (3 wks) • Induction motor (IM) – the most widely used ac motor in the world – – Structure and operation theories of IM Equivalent circuit of IM Torque/speed characteristics Basic motor control • Induction generator (seldom used) – Output voltage control – Voltage/current characteristics Electric Machinery 13
Course Outline - synchronous machine (3 wks) • Synchronous generator (SG) – the most widely used generator in the world – – Structure and operation theories of SG Equivalent circuit of SG Voltage/current characteristics Parallel operation • Synchronous motor – Operation principles – Starting of synchronous motor – Torque/speed characteristics Electric Machinery 14
History of Electric Machinery 15
History of Electric Machinery 16
History of Electric Machinery 17
History of Electric Machinery 18
Today’s development • DC Machine – Motor – Generator • Transformer – Single phase – Three phases • AC Machine – Synchronous machine – motor, generator – Asynchronous machine (induction machine) – motor, generator Electric Machinery 19
Today’s development and future trends • Micro-stepping motor • Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) – Brushless dc motor (BLDCM) • Linear motor • Reluctance motor – Synchronous reluctance – Switched reluctance • Ultrasonic motor • Bionic robotics • MEMS motor Electric Machinery 20
Course relation • 碩/博班入學與高考科目 • It is the fundamental course of the electrical engineering • Future courses – – – Power electronics Motor control Electric motor drive Power systems Renewable energy Electrical vehicle Electric Machinery 21
Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery principles 1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relationships 2. The magnetic field 3. Faraday’s law 4. Produce an induced force on a wire 5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor 6. Linear dc machine examples 7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits Electric Machinery 22
Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relationships • Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW) – CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as the negative direction. • Linear and rotation motion – Position and angular (meter) (degree or radian) – Speed angular speed Electric Machinery 23
Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relationships – Acceleration and angular acceleration Electric Machinery 24
Torque Electric Machinery 25
Torque Electric Machinery 26
Newton’s law of rotation 1. Force 2. Torque Electric Machinery 27
Torque and Work Electric Machinery 28
Power (rate of doing work) Electric Machinery 29
Conversion between watts and horsepower 1. Watts and horsepower 2. Conversion between two units 5252 / 7. 04 = 746. 02 1 hp = 746 W = 0. 746 k. W Electric Machinery 30
The magnetic field Electric Machinery 31
Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s law 1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law 2. The core is a ferromagnetic material Electric Machinery 32
From the magnetic field to magnetic flux density 1. When the magnetic field is applied on a ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B will be produced Electric Machinery 33
Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux 1. Magnetic flux density 2. Magnetic flux Electric Machinery 34
Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force Electric Machinery 35
Magnetic circuit 1. Magnetic circuit Electric Machinery 36
Electric circuit and magnetic circuit Electric Machinery 37
Electric Machinery 38
Electric Machinery 39
Reluctance in magnetic circuit 1. Series connection 2. Parallel connection Electric Machinery 40
The errors in magnetic circuit computation Electric Machinery 41
The errors in magnetic circuit computation 4. Air gap “fringing effect” Electric Machinery 42
Example 1 -1 Electric Machinery 43
Magnetic circuit Electric Machinery 50
MATLAB Programs Electric Machinery 51
Example 1 -2 Electric Machinery 52
Example 1 -2 Electric Machinery 53
Example 1 -3 Electric Machinery 60
Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic material - Saturation Electric Machinery 69
Magnetic curve for a typical steel Electric Machinery 70
A plot of relative permeability mr Electric Machinery 71
Example 1 -4 Electric Machinery 72
Example 1 -5 Electric Machinery 73
Energy loss in ferromagnetic core – hysteresis loss Electric Machinery 80
Hysteresis loop – residual flux Electric Machinery 81
The effect of magnetomotive force on the hysteresis loop Electric Machinery 82
Magnetization curve Electric Machinery 83
Hysteresis loss Electric Machinery 84
Hysteresis loss Electric Machinery 85
Electric Machinery 86
Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a time-varying magnetic field 1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity Electric Machinery 87
The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law Electric Machinery 88
Flux and flux linkage Electric Machinery 89
Example 1 -6 Electric Machinery 90
Produce an induced force on a wire Electric Machinery 93
Example 1 -7 Electric Machinery 94
Example 1 -7 Electric Machinery 95
Relationship between electric-magnetic variables • Magnetic field: Ampere’s law • Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics • Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law Electric Machinery 96
Induced voltage on a conductor Electric Machinery 97
Example 1 -8 Electric Machinery 98
Example 1 -9 Electric Machinery 100
The linear DC machine – a simple example Electric Machinery 102
Starting a linear DC machine Electric Machinery 105
Starting a linear DC machine 1. Current 2. Induced force 3. Induced voltage Electric Machinery 106
Starting a linear DC machine Electric Machinery 107
Summarize of a dc machine starting Electric Machinery 108
DC linear machine operates at no-load condition Electric Machinery 109
Linear dc motor • While the load is applied • The conversion power between mechanical and electrical Electric Machinery 110
Summarize of a dc motor operation Electric Machinery 111
Linear dc generator • While the external force is applied on the moving direction Electric Machinery 112
Summarize of a dc generator operation Electric Machinery 113
Starting problem of dc linear machine Electric Machinery 114
Example 1 -10 Electric Machinery 115
Example 1 -10 Electric Machinery 116
Matlab/Simulink simulation • Equations: – – F = il. B e = v. Bl i = (Vb-e) / R dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m • Simulation parameters: – Vb=120 V, R=0. 3 W, l = 1 m – B=0. 6 T, m=0. 1 kg – Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt Electric Machinery 121
Matlab/Simulink simulation Electric Machinery 122
Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits • Power in DC circuit Electric Machinery 124
Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits • AC source applies power to an impedance Z Electric Machinery 125
Instantaneous power Electric Machinery 126
Instantaneous power Electric Machinery 127
Average power and reactive power Electric Machinery 128
Reactive power Q and apparatus power S 1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from instantaneous power 2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the product of voltage and current magnitudes Electric Machinery 129
Complex power representation Electric Machinery 131
Complex power representation Electric Machinery 132
Power direction Electric Machinery 133
Power factor Electric Machinery 134
Example 1 -11 Electric Machinery 135
Three phase concepts • The three phase concepts are also introduced in Appendix Electric Machinery 138
- Slides: 138