Chapter 1 Introduction to Information Systems Sources 1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Information Systems Sources: (1) Adapted from: Chapter 1, in Rainer, Kelly, Prince, Brad and Watson, Hugh, Management Information Systems: Moving Business Forward, John Willey & Sons, Inc. : New Jersey, 3 rd Edition, 2015; (2) Various online resources as indicated. Prepared & Updated by: Celeste Ng, 1 st March 2020.

Contents 1. Overview of Computer-Based Information Systems 2. Managing Information Systems 3. IT Impact on Organizations資訊科技對組織的影響 4. Importance of Information Systems to Society

1 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s (A) Data – Information – Knowledge (B) Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) (C) Types of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

1 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s (A) Data – Information – Knowledge (B) Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) (C) Types of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

(1 -A) Data – Information – Knowledge Data Items: an elementary description基 description 本介紹of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized未經組織 organized to convey any specific meaning. Knowledge: consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning學習 積累, and expertise專業知 識 as they apply to a current business problem. Information: refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.

1 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s (A) Data – Information – Knowledge (B) Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) (C) Types of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

(1 -B) Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) IS structure of application in an organization …

(1 -B) Components of a CBIS: An information system that uses computer technology計算機技術to perform some or all of the its intended tasks預期 作 Database Hardware People Software Procedures Network

1 Overview of Computer-Based IS’s (A) Data – Information – Knowledge (B) Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) (C) Types of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (1) v. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) v systems that support the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization’s basic business transactions基本的業務交易, each of which generates data

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (2) v. Functional Area Information Systems (FAIS) v A collection of application programs in a single department or functional area功能領域. v Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) v Systems are designed to correct a lack of communication among the functional area IS.

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) v. Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) – Customer Relationship Management (CRM) v. Information systems that connect two or more organizations Source: http: //www. sagoni. com/products. aspx

IOS --- that functions among multiple organizations

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) – Supply Chain Management (SCM) Supplies Photo credit: Demands https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/ Supply_and_demand_network_%28 en%29. png

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) – Supply Chain Management (SCM) Photo credit: https: //explore. oracle. com/c/modern-supply-chain-management

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) – Supply Chain Management (SCM) Photo credit: https: //blogs. oracle. com/scm/accelerate-innovation-and-agility-across- your-supply-chain-v 2

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) – Supply Chain Management (SCM) Source: https: //www. thebalancesmb. com/lean-supply-chain-management-2221274

(1 -C) Information Systems – for Organization – (3) v. Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) v. E-Commerce Systems --- is an interorganizational跨組織 information system that enable organizations to conduct transactions, called business-to-business (B 2 B) electronic commerce, and customers to conduct transactions with businesses, called business-to-consumer (B 2 C) electronic commerce Source: Top 5 Open Source e. Commerce Platforms https: //www. websitehelper. co. uk/top-5 -open-source-e-commerce-platforms/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – (1) v Office Automation Systems辦公自動化系統(OASs) v typically support the clerical staff, lower and middle managers, and knowledge workers (e. g. , word processing and desktop publishing software排版軟件).

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – (2) v Business Intelligence商業情報(BI) Systems v systems that provide computer-based support for complex, nonroutine decisions非常規決策, primarily for middle managers and knowledge workers Photo credit: https: //www. slideshare. net/Almog. Ramrajkar/introduction-to-businessintelligence-33691369

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees –商業情報 BI Systems (2 -1) Photo credit: https: //mopinion. com/business-intelligence-bi-tools-overview/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees –商業情報 BI Systems (2 -2) Photo credit: https: //mopinion. com/business-intelligence-bi-tools-overview/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees–商業情報 BI Systems (2 -3) Photo credit: https: //mopinion. com/business-intelligence-bi-tools-overview/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees –商業情報 BI Systems (2 -4) Photo credit: https: //mopinion. com/business-intelligence-bi-tools-overview/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees –商業情報 BI Systems (2 -5) Photo credit: https: //mopinion. com/business-intelligence-bi-tools-overview/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – Expert Systems (ES) (3) – Expert Systems (ES) – systems that attempt to duplicate the work of human experts人類專家by applying reasoning capabilities推理能力, experts knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain inference engine推理引擎 Photo credit: http: //valivach. com/projects_en_expert_system. html

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – Expert Systems (ES) (3 -1) Photo credit: https: //mc. ai/expert-systems-deep-learning/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – Expert Systems (ES) (3 -2) Photo credit: https: //www. darklight. ai/category/uncategorized/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – Expert Systems (ES) (3 -3) Inductive Inference establishes new facts from data. In technology this is Data Science and Machine Learning which is aimed at making predictions (tentative hypotheses). Inductive probability attempts to give the probability of future events based on past events. Deductive Inference establishes new facts from existing facts. In technology this is Knowledge Engineering and Expert Systems which is aimed at applying domain specific knowledge and human trade craft/experience knowledge Photo credit: https: //www. darklight. ai/category/uncategorized/

(1 -C) Information Systems for Organizational Employees – (4) – Knowledge Workers知識員 – Professional IS – For professional employees in a particular subject area主題領 域(e. g. , financial and marketing analysts, engineers, lawyers, and accountants) Source: https: //nullpress. net/free-download-lawoffice-case-management-system-for-lawyer/

2 Managing Information Systems – (1) v. Managing information systems (IS) is difficult and complex v. Contributing Factors: Factors q. Strategic value策略性價� of IS’s q. Acquiring, operating, and maintaining IS’s is very expensive q. Evolution演變of the IS Function

2 Managing Information Systems – (2) – New (Consultative) Functions of the MIS Department Block-1: Strategy – • Initiating and designing specific strategic information systems Block-2: Process & Innovation – • Incorporating the Internet and electronic commerce into the business Block-2: Process & Innovation Block-4: Technology – • Educating the non-MIS managers about IT – • Educating the MIS staff about the business – • Managing outsourcing – • Proactively using business and technical knowledge to seed innovative ideas about IT

3 IT Impact on Organizations v. IT reduces the number of middle managers 中層管 理人員 v IT eliminates some of our existing jobs 消除 作機會 v. IT changes the manager’s job v. Stressful job (too many data, real-time data needs real-time decision) Celeste: Coaching/interpersonal, v. Many IT tools planning/ innovating, evaluating/goalkeeper/experimenting v. IT place employee on “constant call”

3 IT Impact on Organizations (1) Source: https: //home. bt. com/tech-gadgets/future-tech/9 -jobs-overtaken-by-robots-11364003046052

3 IT Impact on Organizations (2) Source: https: //home. bt. com/tech-gadgets/future-tech/9 -jobs-overtaken-by-robots-11364003046052

Importance of IS to Society (1) v IT Affects Our Quality of Life Photo credit: https: //www. aginginplace. org/technolog y-in-our-life-today-and-how-it-haschanged/

Importance of IS to Society (2) v The Robot Revolution機器人革命is Here Now v (a) telepresence robots網真/遠程呈現機器人, (b) autonomous cars 自主車, and (c) drones無人機 Photo credit: https: //spectrum. ieee. org/automaton/roboti cs/homerobots/double-2 review-telepresencerobot Photo credit: https: //spectrum. iee e. org/automaton/ro botics/homerobots/double-2 review-telepresencerobot

Importance of IS to Society (2 -1) v The Robot Revolution機器人革命is Here Now v (a) telepresence robots網真/遠程呈現機器人, (b) autonomous cars 自主車, and (c) drones無人機 Photo credit: https: //www. analyticsinsig ht. net/6 -effective-steps-toiot-security-in-a-digitalworld/

Importance of IS to Society (2 -2) v The Robot Revolution機器人革命is Here Now v (a) telepresence robots網真/遠程呈現機器人, (b) autonomous cars 自主車, and (c) drones無人機 Photo credit: https: //www. banggood. com/Eachine. E 511 S-GPS-Dynamic-Follow-WIFI-FPVWith-1080 P-Camera-16 mins-Flight-Time. RC-Drone-Quadcopter-p 1373965. html? ID=557508531932&cur_w arehouse=CN

Importance of IS to Society (3) v Improvements in Healthcare衛生保 v Make better and faster diagnosis using expert systems v Discuss complex medical cases via videoconferencing視訊會議 Photo credit: https: //pmrpressrelease. com/indiaartificial-intelligence-ai-in-healthcare market-2023 -planet-market-reports/

4 Importance of IS to Society (3 -1) v Improvements in Healthcare 衛生保 v Plan complex surgeries using virtual reality虛擬現實技術 [with the emergence of 5 G technology] Photo credit: https: //medicalvirtualreality. org/ virtual-reality-finds-increasingapplications-in-healthcarebusiness/