CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 1182022 created

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture & Organization • Architecture is the set of attributes visible to the programmer – Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. – Examples: • Does this processor have a multiply instr. ? • How does the compiler create object code? • How best is memory handled by the O/S? 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture vs. Organization (continued) • Organization is how features are implemented – Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. – Examples: • Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? • What type of non-volatile memory is used to store the BIOS? 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture vs. Organization (continued) • All Intel x 86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • Consistent architecture gives code compatibility, at least backwards, thus protecting user’s software investment • Organization differs between different versions 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

COMPUTER GENERATE • • • I: ’ 46 – ’ 57: UNIVAC 1103 – Bahasa Rakitan – Vacuum Tube – 40. 000 instruksi/detik II: ’ 58 – ’ 64: IBM 7094 – Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator – Transistor – I/O & Processor Parallelism – 200. 000 instruksi/detik III: ’ 65 – ’ 71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 – Sistem Operasi – Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) – Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism – 1. 000 instruksi/detik IV: ’ 72 – ’ 77: Apple IIe, IBM PC – Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) – Microprocessor, PC – 10. 000 instruksi/detik IV: ’ 78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, Power. PC – Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) – 100. 000 instruksi/detik 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Microprocessor Capacity Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5. 5 million Power. PC 620: 6. 9 million Alpha 21164: 9. 3 million Sparc Ultra: 5. 2 million 2 X transistors/Chip Every 1. 5 years Called “Moore’s Law” 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Processor Performance Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip) 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Memory Capacity year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 size(Megabit) 0. 0625 0. 25 1 4 16 64 256 Now 1. 4 X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000 X since 1980 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Function • All computer functions are: – Data processing – Data storage – Data movement – Control 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Functional View 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operations (a) Data movement 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operations (b) Storage 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operation (c) Processing from/to storage 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines 1/18/2022 Main Memory created by Vivi Sahfitri

Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri

Structure - The Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory 1/18/2022 created by Vivi Sahfitri