Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy

Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure Physiology – study of function Structure is always related to function

Levels of Organization Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue Organ – skin, femur Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human

Levels of Organization Figure 1. 3—page 5

Characteristics of Life Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in size Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Characteristics of Life Digestion – breakdown of food substances Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances Excretion – removal of wastes

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport - regulates body temperature Food - supply energy - supply raw materials

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes • Receptors - provide information • Control center - tells what a particular value should be • Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms Figures 1. 7 and 1. 8—pg. 11 1 -11

Body Cavities Figure 1. 9—pg. 13

Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal peritoneum

Serous Membranes Figures 1. 11 & 1. 12—pg. 15

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position—pg. 21 • Superior versus Inferior • Anterior versus Posterior • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsilateral versus Contralateral • Proximal versus Distal • Superficial versus Deep

Body Sections • Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median • Transverse / Cross • Coronal or Frontal Figures 1. 20 & 1. 21—pg. 22 • Oblique

Abdominal Subdivisions Figure 1. 23—pg. 23

Body Regions Figure 1. 24—pg. 24 1 -21