Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy Anatomical position To

Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomical position • To avoid confusion among medical professional an anatomical position has been established. It is an erect stance with arms to the side palms facing forward and head forward.

Anatomical planes

Medical term for locations • Anterior-refers to the front of the body • Posterior refers to the back of the body

Medial and Lateral Medial-closer to the midline Lateral-away from the midline M M L L

Proximal *Towards an attachment Ex. Shoulder is proximal to the elbow Ex. Hip is proximal to the knee

Distal *Away from the attachment

Cranial/Superior Closer To the Head

Caudal/Inferior • Closer to the feet • Lower part of body

Movements • Flexion( ) -bending of hinge joint • Extension( / )straightening of hinge joint

• Abduction( Abd)-Away from the midline • Adduction (Add)toward the midline

Pronation(pron)- palm down for wrist Inward lean of forefoot for ankle

• Supination(sup)-palm up for wrist • Outward lean of forefoot for ankle

• Inversion(Inv)sole is inward • Eversion(Ev)sole is outward

• Protraction (protract)shoulders forward • Retraction(retract -shoulders back

• Internal rotation(Int. R)rotating toward the body External rotation (Ext. R)-rotating away from the body

Circumduction(circum. ) • Happens at the ball and socket joint and encompasses several movements.

Plantarflexion(PF)pointing ankle

Dorsiflexion(DF)-ankle up

Lateral flexion-to the side

Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION