Chapter 1 Introduction Biology Today Power Point Lectures

Chapter 1 Introduction: Biology Today Power. Point® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition – Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objectives 1. Define Biology 2. Describe seven properties or processes we associate with life 3. List the three domains of life 4. List the four eukaryotic kingdoms of life 5. Distinguish a scientific question from a nonscientific question 6. Define a control group and experimental group 7. Distinguish between theory and hypothesis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Study of Life • Biology is the scientific study of life. •

What is Life? What distinguishes living things from nonliving things? © 2016 Pearson Education,

Figure 1. 4 -1 1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth and development © 2016

Figure 1. 4 -2 6. Reproduction 5. Response to the environment © 2016 Pearson

The Three Domains of Life • The three domains of life are 1. Bacteria, 2. Archaea, and 3. Eukarya. • Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells. • Eukarya have eukaryotic cells. © 2016 Pearson Education,

1. DOMAIN BACTERIA Figure 1. 7 3. 3 Domains of Life DOMAIN EUKARYA 2.

Eukaryotic Kingdoms DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Protists (multiple kingdoms) ©

Biology is the scientific study of life What is a scientific study? © 2016

The Process of Science • Science is an approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry: • a search for information, • explanations, and • answers to specific questions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Process of Science two main scientific approaches: 1. discovery science, which is mostly about describing nature, and 2. hypothesis-driven science, which is mostly about explaining nature. • Most scientists practice a combination of these two forms of inquiry. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 2 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis-Driven Science • The observations of discovery science motivate us to ask questions and seek explanations. • As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps that provide a loose guideline for scientific investigations. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 3 -s 5 Observation The remote doesn’t work. Question What’s wrong? Revise. Experiment does not support hypothesis. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Prediction With new batteries, it will work. Experiment Replace batteries. Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Ask a Question About the Observation • Must be able to be answered using experiments • Does taking Echinacea reduce the intensity or duration of the common cold?

3. Formulate a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question - a proposed explanation for a set of observations

4. The Prediction: States the expected results of the experiment if the data supports the hypothesis.

5. Design/preform your experiment

Controlled Experiments • Compare two groups that only differ in the treatment • Control Group: Does not get the treatment (AKA: Placebo group) • Experimental Group: Does get the treatment (AKA: Echinacea group)

Draw Conclusion and Make Revisions

Checkpoint • If you come up with a tentative explanation for the dietary behavior of squirrels on campus and then test your idea, what kind of science are you performing?

What Advances Science? New theories!

Theories in Science • What is a scientific theory, and how is it different from a hypothesis? • A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis. • A theory • is a comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence, and • is general enough to spin off many new testable hypotheses. © 2016 Pearson Education,

Theories in Science • For example, these are two hypotheses. 1. “White fur is an adaptation that helps polar bears survive in an Arctic habitat. ” 2. “The unusual bone structure in a hummingbird’s wings is an evolutionary adaptation that provides an advantage in gathering nectar from flowers. ” • In contrast, the following theory ties together those seemingly unrelated hypotheses: • “Adaptations to the local environment evolve by natural selection. ” © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Theories in Science • Theories only become widely accepted by scientists if they • are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence and • have not been contradicted by any scientific data. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Major Themes in Biology • Five unifying themes will serve as touchstones throughout our

Figure 1. 8 Evolution © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. MAJOR THEMES IN BIOLOGY Energy

Figure 1. 10 -1 Evolution © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 16 Structure Function © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 17 Information Flow The four chemical building blocks of DNA A DNA

Figure 1. 18 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 19 Energy Transmission Inflow of light energy ECOSYSTEM Outflow of heat energy Consumers (animals) Chemical energy (food) Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cycling of nutrients Decomposers (in soil)

Figure 1. 20 -s 3 2 Ecosystems Interconnections 3 Communities 4 Populations 5 Organisms 1 Biosphere 6 Organ Systems and Organs 10 Molecules and Atoms Atom 9 Organelles Nucleus 8 Cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Tissues