Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The History of Mobile

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/4) n n n 1860: Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communications 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18 -mile path 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band) 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex) 1964: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – 152 MHz (Full Duplex) 2

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (2/4) n n n 1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation 1984: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North America and Australia refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology which is the analog telecommunications. The download speeds is 28 kbit/s ~ 56 kbit/s. 1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America. 1992: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) operable in Germany D 2 system. The download speeds is about 100 kbit/s for 2. 5 G. 1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America. 3

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (3/4) n n n 1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the 3 rd generation mobile communication systems (e. g. , W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, etc) 2001: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) used primarily in Europe, Japan, China. 2002: the CDMA 2000 system used in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2 G standard. 2006: The pre-4 G systems Mobile Wi. MAX in South-Korea. Peak down load 128 Mbit/s and peak upload 56 Mbit/s. 2009: The TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) radio interface was commercialized in China. 4

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (4/4) n n n 2009: The world's first publicly available LTE (Long Term Evolution) service was opened in, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009, and branded 4 G. Peak down load 100 M bits/s and peak upload 50 M bits/s. 2013: LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3 GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009. Peak down load 1 Gbit/s and peak upload 500 Mbit/s. 2020: 5 G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5

Universal Cell Phone Coverage Washington, DC Microwave Tower Cell Cincinnati Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system 6

First Generation Cellular Systems and Services 1970 s Developments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900 MHz mobile communications 1976 WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates spectrum for cellular radio 1979 NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first cellular system in Japan 1981 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia 1984 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced by AT&T in North America 7

Second Generation Cellular Systems and Services 1982 CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications) established GSM to define future Pan-European cellular Radio Standards 1990 Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC) adopted by TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) 1990 Interim Standard IS-19 B (NAMPS) adopted by TIA 1991 Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications) 1992 Phase I GSM system is operational 1993 Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA 1994 Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA 1995 PCS Licenses issued in North America 1996 Phase II GSM operational 1997 North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95 1999 IS-54: North America IS-95: North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc GSM: 110 countries 8

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2) n n IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000): Ø Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality. Key Features of IMT-2000 include: Ø High degree of commonality of design worldwide; Ø Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; Ø High quality; Ø Small terminal for worldwide use; Ø Worldwide roaming capability; Ø Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals. 9

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (2/2) n Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: Ø Ø Ø n 2 Mbps for fixed environment; 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment; 144 kbps for vehicular environment. Scheduled Service: Ø Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA) 10

Fourth Generation Cellular Systems and Services n In Nov. 2004, 3 GPP began a project to define the long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology Ø Ø Ø LTE stands for Long Term Evolution Next Generation mobile broadband technology Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps Based on UMTS 3 G technology Optimized for All-IP traffic 11

Evolution of Radio Access Technologies 802. 16 m 802. 16 d/e n n LTE (3. 9 G) : 3 GPP release 8~9 LTE-Advanced : 3 GPP release 10+ 12

Comparison of LTE Speed

Subscriber Growth Subscribers 3 G Subscribers 2 G Digital only Subscribers 1 G Analogue only Subscribers 90 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Year 14

Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems Satellite In-building Urban Suburban Global Picocell Microcell Macrocell Global 15

Mobility Vehicular Pedestrian Stationary 0. 01 Global System for Mobile Communications Transmission Capacity Bro Universal adba nd r Mobile adio Telecommunicat ions System Mobile Broadband System Local Multipoint Distribution System Satellite Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Broadband Satellite Multimedia 0. 1 1 10 100 Data rate (Mb/s) Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems 16

Wireless Technology and Associated Characteristics Cellular n Wireless LAN/PAN n GPS n Satellite Based PCS n Home Networking n Ad Hoc Networks n Sensor Networks n Bluetooth n 17

Applications: Medical and Healthcare Remote Databases Base station In Hospital Physician Backbone Network Switch Wireless Remote consultation from Ambulance Sensors on body Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication) 18

Fundamentals of Cellular Systems Ideal cell area (2 -10 km radius) Cell Alternative shape of a cell BS MS MS Hexagonal cell area used in most models Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station 19

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Frequency User n … User 2 User 1 Time 20

FDMA Bandwidth Structure 1 2 3 4 … n Frequency Total bandwidth 21

FDMA Channel Allocation User 1 Frequency 2 User 2 … … Frequency n User n Mobile Stations Base Station 22

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) … User n User 2 User 1 Frequency Time 23

TDMA Frame Structure … 1 2 3 4 n Time Frame 24

TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users Time 1 … User 2 User n Mobile Stations Time 2 … User 1 … Time n Base Station 25

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) . User 1 . . User 2 User n Frequency Time Code 26

Transmitted and Received Signals in a CDMA System Information bits Code at transmitting end Transmitted signal Received signal Code at receiving end Decoded signal at the receiver 27

CDMA Example (1/3) n If k = 6 and code is a sequence of 1 s and -1 s Ø Ø n For a ‘ 1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern <c 1, c 2, c 3, c 4, c 5, c 6> For a ‘ 0’ bit, A sends complement of code <-c 1, -c 2, -c 3, -c 4, -c 5, -c 6> Receiver knows sender’s code and performs electronic decode function Ø Ø <d 1, d 2, d 3, d 4, d 5, d 6> = received chip pattern <c 1, c 2, c 3, c 4, c 5, c 6> = sender’s code 28

CDMA Example (2/3) n n n Each station has its own unique chip sequence (CS) All CSs are pairwise orthogonal For example : (codes A, B, C and D are pair-wise orthogonal) Ø Ø A: 00011011 => (-1 -1 -1+1+1) B: 00101110 => (-1 -1+1+1+1 -1) C: 01011100 => (-1+1+1+1 -1 -1) D: 01000010 => (-1+1 -1 - 1 -1 -1+1 -1) 29

CDMA Example (3/3) n n n A·B = (1+1 -1 -1+1 -1) = 0 B·C = (1 -1 -1 -1+1+1 -1+1) = 0 Ex: If station C transmits 1 to station E, station B transmits 0 and station A transmits 1 simultaneously then the signal received by station E will become Ø Ø SE = (-1+1+1+1 -1 -1) + (+1+1 -1 -1 -1+1) + (-1 -11+1+1 -1+1+1) = (-1+1 -3+3 -1 -1 -1+1) E can convert the signal SE to SE·C = SE(-1+1+1+1 -1 -1) = (1+1+3+3+1 -1)/8 = 1 2021/2/27 Jang-Ping Sheu NTHU 30

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Frequency Conventional multicarrier modulation used in FDMA Frequency Orthogonal multicarrier modulation used in OFDM 31

Frequency Hopping Frequency Frame Slot f 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 Time 32

Cellular System Infrastructure Service area (Zone) BS Early wireless system: Large zone 33

Cellular System: Small Zone BS BS BS Service area BS BS 34

MS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Home phone PSTN … MSC BSC … … … BS MS BSC: BS Controller MSC BS MS … BSC … BS MS MSC: Mobile Switching Center 35

Control and Traffic Channels k) n li el p ) k (u ann lin l se ch n r l w ne ve trol e o e R on nn (d han a d c c ch ar rol w t ic f r f a el Fo con tr n n ) a k in ch l n fic w f o a tr (d ) d k r a in l w p r (u Fo se r ve e R Mobile Station (MS) Base Station (BS) 36

Steps for A Call Setup from MS to BS BS MS 1. Need to establish path 2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 3. Control Information Acknowledgement 4. Start communication 37

Steps for A Call Setup from BS to MS BS MS 1. Call for MS # pending 2. Ready to establish a path 3. Use frequency/time slot/code (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 4. Ready for communication 5. Start communication 38

A Simplified Wireless Communications System Representation Antenna Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data) Coding Modulator Carrier Information received (Voice/Data) Decoding Demodulator Transmitter Antenna Receiver Carrier 39

Satellite Systems n Traditional Applications n n Weather satellite Radio and TV broadcasting Military satellites Telecommunication Applications n n n Global telephone connections Backbone for global network GPS 40

Network Architectures and Protocols n n Systematic Signaling Steps for Information Exchange Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP) n n n Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv 4) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv 6) – Work in progress Mobile IP 41

Ad Hoc Networks 42

Wireless Sensor Networks 43

Wireless LAN and PAN n n n Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the IEEE 802. 11 Hiper. LAN is a European Standard Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN) n n Bluetooth Home. RF 44