CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY Def the scientific

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY �Def: the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research �Both

PSYCHOLOGY �Def: the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research �Both human and animal �Study of behavior must be systematic

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY � 1: Description � 2: Explanation: introduced as hypotheses; become theories

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY � 1: Description � 2: Explanation: introduced as hypotheses; become theories � 3: Prediction � 4: Influence: through basic science (research) and applied science (practice)

SECTION 2: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

SECTION 2: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY �Began with Greeks � 17 th century philosophers promoted the idea

ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY �Began with Greeks � 17 th century philosophers promoted the idea of Dualism: body and mind are separate and distinct �Rene Descartes proposed a link existed between the mind and body

HISTORICAL APPROACHES

HISTORICAL APPROACHES

WILHELM WUNDT �Wilhelm Wundt starts Laboratory of Psychology in Leipzig, Germany (1879) �This establishes

WILHELM WUNDT �Wilhelm Wundt starts Laboratory of Psychology in Leipzig, Germany (1879) �This establishes modern psychology as a separate field of study

STRUCTURALISM �Wundt’s approach �Wanted to study the basic elements that make up conscious mental

STRUCTURALISM �Wundt’s approach �Wanted to study the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences �Had students use introspection � 1 st systematic approach in psych

FUNCTIONALISM �William James—father of psychology in the U. S. �Focused on the function of

FUNCTIONALISM �William James—father of psychology in the U. S. �Focused on the function of consciousness �Believed thought processes helps survival of our species

INHERITABLE TRAITS �Sir Francis Galton �Studied how heredity influences abilities and behavior �Studies extremely

INHERITABLE TRAITS �Sir Francis Galton �Studied how heredity influences abilities and behavior �Studies extremely flawed �Started the nature vs. nurture debate in psychology

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY �Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka �Argue perception is more than

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY �Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka �Argue perception is more than the sum of its parts �Study how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences � 1 st cognitive approach to psychology

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY �Sigmund Freud �Wanted to study the influence of the unconscious on behavior

PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY �Sigmund Freud �Wanted to study the influence of the unconscious on behavior �Used free association— patient says whatever comes to mind �Urged the study of dreams �Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams

BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY �Ivan Pavlov �Pavlov’s Dogs experiment �Believed in the study of the observable

BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY �Ivan Pavlov �Pavlov’s Dogs experiment �Believed in the study of the observable �John B. Watson �B. F. Skinner: no free will and idea of reinforcement

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY �Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers �Believe each person has freedom in directing their

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY �Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers �Believe each person has freedom in directing their future and achieving personal growth

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY �Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leon Festinger �Focus on how we process, store,

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY �Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leon Festinger �Focus on how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence our behavior

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY �Psychobiologist: studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY �Psychobiologist: studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior �Neurotransmitters and genetics

SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY �Newest approach �Study influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on

SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY �Newest approach �Study influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning �Concerned with gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomics

SECTION 3: PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSION

SECTION 3: PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSION

WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGIST? �Def: someone who studies the mind and behavior of humans/animals

WHAT IS A PSYCHOLOGIST? �Def: someone who studies the mind and behavior of humans/animals �Usually have a Ph. D. �Psychiatry: branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders �Have an M. D.

TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS � Clinical psych: diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances �

TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS � Clinical psych: diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances � Counseling psych: helps people deal with problems of living � Developmental psych: study the emotional, biological, personal, and social changes that occur through maturation

TYPES CONTINUED �Educational psych: concerned with helping students learn �Community psych: work in a

TYPES CONTINUED �Educational psych: concerned with helping students learn �Community psych: work in a mental health or social welfare agency �Industrial/Organizati onal psych: make the workplace more satisfying

MORE TYPES � Environmental: study effect of environment on people � Forensic psychs: legal,

MORE TYPES � Environmental: study effect of environment on people � Forensic psychs: legal, court, and correctional facilities � Health psychs: study interaction between physical and psychological health factors � Experimental psychs: perform research in carefully controlled labs

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION �APA �Founded 1892 � 54 divisions, each representing a specific field

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION �APA �Founded 1892 � 54 divisions, each representing a specific field �APA works to promote human welfare and the profession

MARY WHITON CALKINS � 1 st female president of the APA �William James was

MARY WHITON CALKINS � 1 st female president of the APA �William James was her mentor �Harvard refused to give her a Ph. D.

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