Chapter 1 History of Pharmacy Copyright 2011 Delmar

Five Historical Periods • Ancient Era: The beginning of time to 1600 AD •

The Ancient Era • Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to stop bleeding

Egyptian Contributions • Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BC •

Mesopotamian and Chinese Contributions • The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy

Greek and Roman Contributions • Hippocrates, the “father of medicine, ” liberated medicine from

Greek and Roman Contributions • The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge • The

Greek and Roman Contributions • The Romans initiated the first job titles of various

Greek and Roman Contributions • Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Art of

Roman Roles in Pharmacy • • • Pharmacopeia — makers of remedies Pharmacotritae —

Arabian Contributions • Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information • Dosage forms

Italian Contributions • Europe’s first university was established in Salerno, and it was responsible

The Renaissance • A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation

The Renaissance • Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and they

The Renaissance • Pharmacy became separated from medicine • Regulation of pharmacy began •

The Empiric Era • Pharmacopeias listed standardized medicines and became the regulatory tools of

The Empiric Era • In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in America

The Industrialization Era • Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of

The Industrialization Era • The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:

The Industrialization Era • Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing • Industrialization

The Industrialization Era • The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of

The Patient Care Era • Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use

The Patient Care Era • Multiple drug therapy, however, led to adverse reactions, interactions,

The Patient Care Era • A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior

The New Horizon • Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased

The New Horizon • Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for

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Five Historical Periods • Ancient Era: The beginning of time to 1600 AD • Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 • Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 • Patient Care Era: 1970 to present • Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Ancient Era • Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to stop bleeding and heal wounds • Early man learned from watching injured animals’ behaviors • Knowledge of materials with healing properties was passed down through the tribes Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Egyptian Contributions • Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BC • The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 remedies • Each tribe had a designated person who was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Mesopotamian and Chinese Contributions • The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600 BC • Herbs were the predominant form of curatives Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Greek and Roman Contributions • Hippocrates, the “father of medicine, ” liberated medicine from the belief that disease was caused by spiritual reasons • Theophrastus, the “father of botany, ” classified plants by their various parts • Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known as the “father of toxicology” (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Greek and Roman Contributions • The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge • The Romans converted theories into scientific rules • The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were responsible for preparing their own prescriptions (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Greek and Roman Contributions • The Romans initiated the first job titles of various pharmacy-related personnel • Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into the Roman system of science; he is known as the “father of pharmacology” (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Greek and Roman Contributions • Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Art of Healing, ” and he was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own remedies • Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine, practiced both disciplines around 300 AD Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Roman Roles in Pharmacy • • • Pharmacopeia — makers of remedies Pharmacotritae — drug grinders Unguentarii — makers of ointments Pigmentarii — makers of cosmetics Pharmacopolae — sellers of drugs Aromatarii — dealers in spices Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Arabian Contributions • Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information • Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections, and juleps • Pharmacy shops — privately owned shops first appeared in Baghdad around 762 AD • Hospital pharmacies ― followed in Marrakech around 1190 AD Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Italian Contributions • Europe’s first university was established in Salerno, and it was responsible for major contributions to pharmacy and medicine • Emperor Frederick II issued the Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine • Guilds of pharmacists were established Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Renaissance • A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation to medicine with his own theories based on chemicals • Monasteries hosted their own pharmacies • Germany became the first to governmentally regulate its pharmacies (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Renaissance • Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and they were known as apothecaries • New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees, and seeds began to be used • Better documentation of this new knowledge began to occur (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Renaissance • Pharmacy became separated from medicine • Regulation of pharmacy began • University education of pharmacists was now required • Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and Asia • New chemical medicines were introduced Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Empiric Era • Pharmacopeias listed standardized medicines and became the regulatory tools of government • Existing medications were questioned and tested to establish their actual effectiveness • In the 18 th century, pharmacy began to develop in the colonies of the New World (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Empiric Era • In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in America • Jonathan Roberts was the first hospital pharmacist • William Proctor introduced control into the practice of pharmacy in the New World Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Industrialization Era • Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations • The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows: – – Formative (1867) Botanical (1875) Standardization (1882) Organic Chemicals (1883) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

The Industrialization Era • The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows: – – Biological (1895) Hormones (1901) Vitamins (1909) Antibiotics (1940) • Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Industrialization Era • Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing • Industrialization brought about: – – Biologically prepared products Complex chemical synthesis Increased use of parenteral medications Standardized manufacturing (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Industrialization Era • The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacy • Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing agency of medicinal products • Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same tree Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Patient Care Era • Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers • Increased number of available medicines • Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other professions such as statisticians and financial managers worked together (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Patient Care Era • Multiple drug therapy, however, led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired • Also thought of as drug control or drug monitoring • C. D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical care around 1988 (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Patient Care Era • A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior as it relates to providing practiced, patient-focused care Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The New Horizon • Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased • Recombinant DNA technology is producing new medications based on the patient’s genetic makeup • Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing allergies (continues) Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.