Chapter 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1. 1 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

Introducing Anatomy and Physiology • Human anatomy and physiology involve the study of the form and function of the human body. • In this chapter you will learn some of the important, specialized terminology essential for the study of anatomy and physiology. • You will also learn the basic, underlying physiological processes essential for life. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Introducing Anatomy and Physiology • Human anatomy – Identifies the parts of the human body • gross human anatomy • microscopic human anatomy • Human physiology – How the parts of the human body function • p. H • Ca+ & K+ © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Describing the Human Body - Planes • To describe the human body and its movements, we imagine that there are three planes, or flat surfaces, passing through the center of the body • We use these planes to help describe motions of the body and the body segments when they are aligned with the direction of one of these planes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Describing the Human Body - Planes • Sagittal – divides the body into right and left portions – forward and backward motions of the body are said to be sagittal plane movements. – Sagittal plane movements • Frontal – divides the body into front and back portions – sideways movements considered to be frontal plane movements – Frontal Plane movements © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Describing the Human Body - Planes • Transverse – divides the body into top and bottom portions – rotational movements are called transverse plane movements – Transverse Plane movements © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Common Directional Terms © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Body Cavities • Inside the human body are a number of open chambers called cavities that hold the internal organs of the body. • dorsal (posterior) cavities – Cranial cavity – Spinal cavity • ventral (anterior) cavities – – Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Body Cavities • The body also includes several small cavities, including the – – oral cavity nasal cavity orbital cavities middle ear cavities © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, transverse, thoracic, abdominopelvic, or sagittal. 1. The heart is located in the ________ thoracic cavity. diaphragm separates the thoracic 2. The ________ and abdominal cavities. 3. Divides the body into top and bottom portions transverse ________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Section assignment Use your notes and textbook Due at the end of class © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

CLOSING - Placemat • Using a vocab term from your list: – formulate a Jeopardy question – Write it on the sticky note • Ex. The cavity that houses the heart – Write the answer on the back of your sticky note • What is the thoracic cavity? – Place your sticky note on the placemat • We will review them tomorrow © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1. 2 Basic Physiological Processes

Structural Organization of the Body • Our bodies are organized into specialized systems that carry out precise functions. Many of these systems also influence the activities of the other systems. • The systems are constructed in the following hierarchy: – – – Atoms (ex. Carbon) Molecules (ex. DNA) Cells Tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular & nerve) Organs Organ systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Human Organ Systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Human Organ Systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Human Organ Systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Homeostasis • These are control mechanisms that maintain a steady internal environment inside an organisms body • Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis through processes called homeostatic mechanisms. • The two body systems that initiate most homeostatic responses are the nervous and endocrine systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Rido/Shutterstock. com Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Homeostasis • All homeostatic control mechanisms have three elements in common. – Receptor – relays the message – Control center – analyses the information – Effector – causes an action that helps maintain homeostasis Rido/Shutterstock. com © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Homeostasis • Most homeostatic mechanisms work on the principle of negative feedback. • Negative feedback – Conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction • If the temperature begins to rise above the normal 37°C (98. 6ºF), the hypothalamus of the brain triggers a series of signals to different organs to cause sweating. The evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Homeostasis • Positive feedback – Conditions cause a reaction to accelerate blood clotting, transmitting nerve signals, and stimulating contractions during childbirth. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Homeostatic Imbalance: • Occurs when organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges – For example the aging process is accompanied by imbalances that lead to wrinkling, reduced muscle mass, and chronic diseases such as type II diabetes. • This is the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin is diminished resulting in high levels of glucose in the blood stream leading to kidney failure and blindness. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Metabolism: • This a term used to describe the multitude of chemical reactions constantly going on within the body’s cells. • There are typically two general types of activities: – Anabolism • big molecules made from smaller molecules (building) – Ex. Linking amino acids together to form proteins – Catabolism • big molecule broken into smaller molecules (breaking down) – Ex. Breaking down starch molecules to glucose which can easily be absorbed by body cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Metabolic Rate • This is the speed with which the body consumes energy, which is also the rate of ATP production. • Approximately 60%– 75% of the calories that an average person burns is accounted for by the basal metabolic rate, – BMR - the energy needed for maintaining basic life functions. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Metabolic Rate • About another 10% of the calories burned is used in digesting and processing the food and drink that we consume. • The remainder of the calories burned depends on the amount of physical activity that we engage in. – Muscle requires more energy for maintenance than other tissues, even at rest, muscular individuals burn more calories and are said to have “higher metabolic rates” than others. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces. FALSE 2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment. TRUE 3. Anabolism breaks molecules down. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. FALSE Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Section 1. 2 Assignment • For the body systems: – Name the body system indicated under each figure – Label the organs identified for each system (you may color if you wish) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1. 3 How Forces Affect the Body

How Forces Affect the Body • The human body both generates and resists forces during daily activities. • Internal forces produced by our muscles enable body movements, whereas forces such as air resistance and friction may slow us down. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

How Forces Affect the Body • What we see and feel are the effects of what is called net force (a single force resulting from the summation of all forces acting on a structure) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Basic Kinetic Concepts • Kinetics is the analysis of the actions of forces • Pressure is the amount of force spread over an area. Such as: how much pressure is exerted on the floor beneath you when you shift your weight on one foot. – Ex. Would you prefer being stepped on by someone wearing a stiletto shoe or a tennis shoe. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Basic Kinetic Concepts • Torque is a twisting force – When a muscle in the human body contracts, it applies a pulling force on a bone causing a movement of the bone. – The bone then rotates at the nearby joint center. – The amount of torque generated at the joint center is the size of the muscle force multiplied by the distance between the muscle attachment and the joint center. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Forces and Injury to the Human Body • Compression is similar to a squeezing force. – Ex: when you land from a jump, the weight of your body plus the force of the landing sets up a compression force on the bones of your skeleton. • Tension is like a pulling force. – Ex: When a person hangs from a pull-up bar, tension is created in the arms as they support the weight of the body. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Forces and Injury to the Human Body • Shear is a tearing apart force. – Ex: Abrasions are caused by shear force acting on the skin. When a baseball player slides into a base, for example, the shear force created by the ground against any exposed skin cause an abrasion. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Directional Force Distribution within the Body © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Combined Loads • Combined forces are multiple forces acting at same time at the same time. – Example: • Bending which is an off-center force • Torsion is a twisting force along an objects length. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

The Effects of Force Application • Deformation is the change in shape of body tissues • Elastic deformation occurs on soft tissue: – When small forces act on the body, and the force is removed, the tissue returns into its original size and shape • Plastic deformation occurs on stiffer tissue such as bone: – When the force applied exceeds the tissues elastic limit, permanent deformation occurs © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1– 4 below: tension, kinetics, pressure, torsion, compression 1. Analysis of force action Kinetics 2. Twisting force 3. Pulling force Torsion Tension 4. force spread over an area Pressure © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.