CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION BACKGROUND 1 1 Syntax Semantics

CHAPTER 1. DEFINITION & BACKGROUND 1. 1 Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics 1. 2 Regularity 1. 3 The Pragmatics Wastebasket

Pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by speaker and interpreted by a listener Four Areas of Pragmatics pragmatics is the study of: 1. speaker meaning : analysis of what people meant 2. contextual meaning: requires a consideration of with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances 3. how more gets communicated than is said : explore what is unsaid as a part of communication 4. the expression of relative distance: closeness in physical, social, etc

1. 1 SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS Syntax: relationship between linguistic forms Semantics: relationship between linguistic form and things to the world Pragmatics: relationship between linguistic form and the users Pragmatics is appealing because it’s about how people make sense others linguistically Pragmatics is frustrating because it requires us to make sense of people and what they have in their mind Her: So, did you? HIm: Hey, who wouldn’t?

1. 2 REGULARITY People tend to behave in regular ways when it comes to use language. Source of regularity: People are members of social groups and follow general pattern of behavior expected by the group E. g. A: How are you? B: Alhamdulillah! Most people in the group have similar basic experiences of the world and share a lot of nonlinguistic knowledge E. g. “I found an old bicycle lying on the ground. The chain was rusted and the tires were flat”

1. 2 THE PRAGMATICS WASTEBASKET In the past, linguists and philosophers of language devoted to analyze the language structure only The duck ran up to Mary and licked her. Syntactic approach - *Up duck Mary to the ran - The bottle of ketchup ran up to Mary Semantic approach (The truth condition of proposition : p & q is true, q & p is true) The duck licked Mary and ran up to her

Pragmatic approach Interpret order of mention as a reflection of order of occurrence It’s not rule of syntax nor semantics. it’s pragmatic principle to make sense of what we read or hear under certain situation.