Chapter 1 Colonizing America Section 1 North America

Chapter 1 Colonizing America Section 1 North America Before Columbus

No one knows for certain when 1 st humans arrived in N. America Evidence shows they arrived between 15, 00030, 000 yrs ago ► Probably came over Land Bridge of Bering Strait during Ice Age ► Most were Nomadic hunters following food ► Between 9000 -10, 000 yrs ago- they settled down ►

Results of Nomadic Settlement ► Learned to grow crops ► Settled in Central and South America ► Area called ► 1 st believed civilization was the Olmec ► Settled in ► Lived in large villages and built ► Olmec lasted until 300 BC ► Olmec ideas influenced other civilizations including Teotihuacan ► Near present-day ► Built up trade network of Obsidian ► Teotihuacan lasted until 650 AD

Other Civilizations ► 200 AD- Maya ► 1200 AD- Aztec ► 300 AD Hohokam ► 700 AD- Anasazi ► The Southwest ► The Pacific Coast ► The Mississippian ► The Southeast ► The Great Plains ► The Algonquin ► The Iroquois

Section 2 - European Exploration ► 2 Factors helped fuel Age of Exploration: 1). 2). During Middle Ages- Euros traded w/ Arabs and Asians for luxury items - Spices- fruits- silk ► W/ wealth from Renaissance and tech from Sci. Rev. - Euros looked for ►

Scientific Advances ► Most Knowledge acquired from ► Euros developed the astrolabe- navigational tool also used to ► Euros also perfected design for ships § Added triangular sails to § Developed a caravel – ship that traveled in shallow water ► Pg 15

Portuguese Exploration ► Portuguese were 1 st ► 1488 - Bartolomeu Dias reached the major Euro explorers ► Helped by Prince Henry ► 1487 -8 - Vasco da a. k. a. Gama sailed around Africa and reached - 1419 - est. a India navigational school ► 1420 - Port explorers began

Exploring America ► By 1400’s- Known World was ► Many figured you could sail west and reach ► Christopher Columbus believed it was a short distance from Spain to India

Columbus’ Tried for 6 yrs to get financial backing ► Finally came from ► Aug 1492 - 3 Ships left Spain- By Oct. reached present-day Bahamas ► Also landed on ► Encountered Taino People. Called them -Why? ► March 1493 - Columbus returned w/ gold, parrots, spices and Natives ► st 1 Voyage Spain would finance more trips ► After Columbus’s return. Spain and Port. ► Pope had 2 countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas ► § Created line of demarcation in middle of Atlantic § Spain controlled everything to west of line- Portugal- the east

Columbus Returns ► Columbus continued trips to Hispaniola looking for ► Also had help from brother, Bartholomew ► Set up gold mines that were worked by ► Est. city of Santo Domingo which became capital of Spanish American Empire ► Began mapping

Other Spanish Explorations ► 1499 - Amerigo Vespucci explored coast of South America § 1501 - Made 2 nd voyage and realized § 1507 - German mapmaker named “new” landmass ► 1513 - Ponce de Leon headed north from Puerto Rico looking for ► Landed in land full of wildflowers and plants - named it

Other Spanish Explorations 1513 - Vasco de Balboa went looking for “south sea” - Had founded colony of Panama and walked to end and “found” ► 1520 - Ferdinand Magellan looking for another sea route to Asia - Passed through strait at tip of S. America and reached - 1 st to name Pacific Ocean because - Died in Philippines but his crew 1 st known people to circumnavigate globe ► http: //glencoe. mcgrawhill. com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod 01_2. html ►

New Spain ► 1519 - Hernan Cortes arrived on Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico- Immediately attacked by ► Cortes got help from other tribes to eventually - Also had assistance from ► Some Aztec believed the Spanish were returning Gods

New Spain Cortes one of many conquistadors ► Others followed and began ► 1526 - Francisco Pizarro went into S. America and defeated ► 1540 - Coronado went into SW of N. Amer. Looking for - Only found Natives and “shaggy cows” ► De Soto went into SE parts of N. Amer and Texas - Died on trip ► http: //glencoe. mcgrawhill. com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod 01_2. html ►

New Spain ► Since no gold found and weather conditions harsh – settlement ► Primary expeditions of North America were led by missionaries - Set up missions to convert Natives to Christianity - Some converted Natives violently

Society of New Spain ► Spanish developed encomienda system in colonies - System of rewarding - Also allowed to tax residents and collect slaves

New France ► France also sent ► 1602 - Champlain est. 1 st colony for Fra explorers to est. colonies and - Colony grew slowly ► 1524 - Verrazano sent - Made $ from to find ► 1673 - Joliet and ► 1530’s- Jacques Cartier Marquette became 1 st made 3 trips to North Euros to Amer. - Mapped and ► 1682 - La. Salle became explored St. Lawrence 1 st to River

New France ► La. Salle claimed land at mouth of Mississippi River and named Louisiana after ► Est. forts and other settlements in area - Biloxi- New Orleans- Mobile ► Spanish didn’t want French in area- began claiming land to ► http: //glencoe. mcgrawhill. com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod 01_ 2. html ► HW- Pg 23 1 -8

Section 3 - The 13 Colonies Eng late in establishing American colonies ► 1 st in 1497 - John Cabot landed in Nova Scotia looking for Protestant Reformation led some to leave for American ► 1527 - Henry VIII began Anglican Church ► Puritans wanted more changes from new Church but new King James I ► Caused Puritans to

Other Changes in England ► Economic changes also ► Merchant created jointpushed out English stock companies ► Nobles began using - Combined businesses to raise more $ - Gave them more land to raise sheep and - Allowed them to start crops colonies to sell products - Enclosure needed fewer workers * Those who lost jobs

Problems with Spain ► Protestant Eng also had issues w/ Catholic Spain ► To Defend it’s ships- Eng est. outposts in America § Walter Raleigh landed in N. Carolina est. Roanoke Island § Made 2 trips- Many from 1 st group returned after 1 st winter- the 2 nd group

England Establishes Colony ► 1606 - King James I granted charter to VA Company to ► 1607 - Group sailed up James River and founded ► Settlers knew little about ► Capt. John Smith began

Jamestown’s Problems ► To entice settlers- Company offered free land to anyone who worked for 7 yrs ► Helped bring in people but ► Winter 1609 -10 known as § § § Ate anything available By Spring- Only 60 settlers remained Began heading out but a ship w/ supplies arrived ► New group instituted new laws and stabilized the colony § Everyone had to contribute to helping the colony

Jamestown Grows ► To make a profit- Colonists began growing ► Jamestown was part of the colony of Virginia controlled by Virginia Company § 1618 - Company allowed Virginia to elect § New gov. included a governor, 6 councilors and 20 reps. § Assembly called

Jamestown and Virginia Grow ► VA Company also granted headrights § Settlers who pd for own passage to Amer. Received § Also received 50 acres for ea. family member over 15 and ea. servant ► 1619 - 1 st slaves arrived in Virginia ► 1622 - Jamestown 1 st attacked by Natives § Attacks devastated colony that Parliament took over colony to be run by

Maryland Founded ► Catholics continued to be persecuted by Protestants in England ► Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, asked King to allow him to start a colony for Catholics ► 1632 - Given land north of VA-Became a proprietary colony § Proprietor could govern however he wanted as long as he didn’t violate Eng. Law ► Turns out- more Catholics than Protestants moved to Maryland

Plymouth and MA Bay Colonies ► 1608 - Group of Puritans- called Separatistsfled persecution in Eng for The Netherlands ► 1620 - Boarded Mayflower and headed toward VA colony ► Nov 1620 - Landed on Cape Cod and decided to settle in ► Before going ashore they signed the 1 st ever document outlining self-government

Plymouth’s Troubles ► 1 st winter was extremely tough- Had shelter but dealt w/ sickness and ► In the spring- survivors received help from Squanto- a member of the Wampanoag Nation ► http: //glencoe. mcgrawhill. com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190654/ mod 02_1. html

MA Bay Colony ► 1625 - Economic and religious problems continued for Puritans in Eng. ► Wealthy business man John Winthrop received a charter from the King to est. a colony in New England ► By 1643 - 20, 000 settlers living in New Eng. ► Created a new gov w/ Winthrop elected as § Gambling, blasphemy, adultery and drunkenness were illegal § Gov didn’t allow other religions to operate

Founding of Rhode Island 1631 - Roger Williams moved to MA- Considered himself a Separatist ► In his sermons he criticized Puritan beliefs ► MA General Court ordered him back to England ► § Williams fled and founded town of Providence § In colony- gov had no authority over religions § Separation of Church & State

Founding of Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson- another Puritan also questioned Church authority ► She would evaluate ministers and held womenonly services ► She was banished and founded Portsmouth colony in present-day RI ► § Others followed and by 1644 the colony of RI was officially founded

New England Expands ► 1636 - Rev Thomas Hooker moved congregation to Conn. River valley § Founded town of Hartford § Also wrote Fundamental Orders of Conn. ► Gave all men, not just church members, the right to vote ► Beginnings of colony of Conn. Territory to north of MA claimed by Sir Fernando Gorges (NH) and Capt. John Mason (ME) ► MA claimed both in court but lost. ► 1679 - NH became a royal colony ► MA bought Mason’s right to ME ► § Remained part of MA until 1820

King Phillip’s War ► 1637 - war broke out between Natives and NE settlers ► Natives upset over expansion and being forced to follow Eng. Laws and customs ► Tensions quieted until 1675 - 3 Wampanoags were arrested and executed in Plymouth colony for murder § Touched off King Phillip’s War- so named after Wampanoag leader Metacomet who settlers called King Phillip § By end of war- 1678 - few Natives remained in NE.

Middle Colonies ► 1642 -60 was the English Civil War § During which Eng stopped all colonization to America but resumed after ► 1609 - Dutch sent Henry Hudson to N. Amer. ► Claimed the region New Netherlands and bought Manhattan island from Natives § § § Called it New Amsterdam Also named river after himself Colony sat between British colonies of New England Virginia

England Takes New Netherlands ► Eng fought and took the colony ► The King gave land to brother, Duke of York, who renamed colony ► York also gave some land to King’s advisors § Land called § New York and New Jersey offered huge land grants, religious freedom and right to have a legislative assembly

Pennsylvania and Delaware ► King Charles II owed a debt to deceased father of ► To repay debt- King offer large tract of land between NY and Maryland ► Colony where religious and political freedom was practiced § Natives were also allowed to live in peace § Capital became ► 1682 - Penn bought 3 counties to south and colony named

Sec 4 - Society and Economy of the 13 Colonies Econ of southern colonies based on cash crops raised to make $ ► Tobacco- VA, MD, NC ► Rice and indigo- South Carolina To help w/ crops, farmers acquired indentured servants ► Owners pd travel expenses of servants and required them to work land for 4 -7 yrs ► Owners provided food, clothing and shelter Slaves were brought from West Africa

Southern Social Structure At top were Gentry- wealthy plantation owners ► Lived on Self-sufficient communities ► Gentry served in governing councils and some commanded the militia ► Next were small farmers- they were the majority in the South § Owned small plots of land only grew enough food to feed families Next- Tenant farmers- had to rent land from gentrycouldn’t afford land all it’s costs ► Below tenant farmers were indentured servants and slaves

In VA- Small tenant farmers wanted to expand into Native lands Hoping to make more $ by selling more crops ► Nathaniel Bacon helped farmers by creating own militia and attacked the Susquehannock ► § Bacon was wealthy farmer and politician 1667 - Bacon’s Rebellion ended when Bacon got sick and died After- VA gov. made land available to small farmers regardless of impact on Natives ►

A result of Bacon’s Rebellion was rise in slavery ► More cheap land became available for all farmers after Rebellion ► Fewer settlers wanted to be indentured servants ► More African slaves brought in § African Slaves could be owned forever ► Eng Parliament passed laws to open trade to make slaves more available

New England Society Econ revolved around fishing, whaling and lumber ► No large plantations just small farms § All practiced subsistent farming § Apples, diary cattle, pigs, sheep ► Shipbuilding big in region- could be built for 3050% less than in Eng In early days- A General Court appointed gov leaders ► Over time- townspeople began discussing issues at § They elected selectman who oversaw town gov. § Townspeople could vote at meetings § These early practices of self-governing led the way for the

New England Society NE Society dominated by Puritans ► Practiced religion and strict daily laws § No card playing or gambling- Must watch over your neighbor § MA legislature (ruled by Puritans) required all towns to establish schools based on pop. § Parents required to teach kids how to read the Bible Econ of Mid Colonies combined aspects of both South and New England ► Traded goods that developed large cities along coast ► Great soil for growing large amounts of cash cropsrye, oats, barley § Largest cash crop- wheat

In early colonial life- farmers had to trade for goods not grown in colonies ► Est. a triangular trade w/ Caribbean, Europe and Africa § Pg. 39 ► Trade also helped develop major port cities Econ system used in colonies called ► mercantilism- belief that all goods from a colony should go ► System benefited both GB and the colonies § GB- Increased flow of gold and silver into country § Colonies- Provided markets for raw materials ► Provided supplies to make finished goods

Changes in Colonies 1660 - King Charles II passed laws based on mercantilist beliefs ► Passed Navigation Acts to generate more $ for Eng § All goods must be shipped § Could only sell to Eng or ► Colonists turned to smuggling to break laws 1686 - James II succeeded Charles and made all colonies one royal colony to enforce Acts ► James II upset many in Parliament- even practiced

Parlia. wanted James’ Protestant daughter Mary to become Queen instead of Catholic son when he dies James fled and William and Mary became king and queen- Known as ► Mary allowed RI and Conn to become separate colonies § MA Bay, Maine and Plymouth into one ► King and Queen had to accept Eng Bill of Rights § List of guaranteed rights given to British citizens HW – pg 41 1 -6

Sec 5 - A Diverse Society Pop grew rapidly in colonies for several reasons: ► High birth rate- Married couples averaged 7 children- Not uncommon to have double that ► Improved housing and sanitation § However, contagious diseases spread quickly in major cities § Rev Cotton Mather promoted inoculation to fight against smallpox in colonies

Another reason- Immigration increased to colonies ► Most went to middle and southern colonies ► Huge numbers of African slaves brought in ► 1775 - 100, 000 Germans lived in PA- came over to escape ► Beginning in 1717 - Scots-Irish began coming to America- came because of rising taxes, poor harvests and religious persecution ► Jews also made their way to America- 1500 lived here by 1776

Women had very little rights in Colonial America ► Married women could not own property or make contracts ► Husbands ruled house and only ones who could discipline kids and wives ► Single women and widows had more rights § They could do all things married women could not ► Many married women worked outside home Africans came to the Americas Violently ► They were captured, branded and crammed into ships

Slaves given minimal food and water - Those who got sick or died were ► All part of ► From 1450 -1870 - 10 -12 M Africans brought to Americas- 2 M died on trip ► At 1 st, Africans could gain freedom by converting to Christianity ► By 1660’s- laws changed to make slavery a hereditary system ► 1705 - VA passed a slave code- Slaves could not own property, testify against whites, or move or assemble freely

By 1775 - 20% of colonial pop were slaves ► Most lived on southern plantations working in the fields and heat ► Worked long days and beaten and branded by owners ► Some did resist- They escaped to the North § Broke or “lost” § Others rebelled- 1739 - Stono Rebellion near Stono River in SC.

The Enlightenment and Great Awaking will change Colonists Views ► Enlightenment began in Europe- its followers believed natural laws applied to society, politics and econ. § Laws that are not written but followed by nature using reason and logic ► One Enlightenment thinker was John Locke § Wrote many works- Said we are guaranteed Natural Rights of § Also all are born w/ blank slates and minds can be shaped by society and education

Enlightenment Thinkers

Rousseau and Montesquieu ► Both also wrote books expressing their thoughts ► Rousseau argued that a government should formed by § The people make their own laws ► Montesquieu argued that an effective gov. should be divided into 3 branches

The Great Awakening ► Many Americans began turning more towards religion ► Began in 1734 - Rev Jonathan Edwards of MA gave powerful, terrifying sermons to make people convert to Christianity ► Peaked in 1740 - Many congregations split because of the new ideas ► Those who followed new ideas created the Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians § Most Southerners followed ► HW- Pg. 47 1 -6