Chapter 1 CELLULAR BIOLOGY Paula Ruedebusch ARNP DNP
Chapter 1 CELLULAR BIOLOGY Paula Ruedebusch, ARNP, DNP
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Prokaryotes No distinct nucleus (single, circular chromosome) Lack histones, organelles Cyanobacteria, and rickettsiae 2 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES (CONT’D) Eukaryotes Complex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes Higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae 3 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES (CONT’D) Differences in biochemical activity: Protein synthesis Ø Transport across outer cell membrane Ø Enzyme activity Ø 5 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction Communication 6 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC CELL Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus DNA replication, repair, and transcription Histone proteins Cell division Genetic information 7 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT’D) Nucleus (cont’d) 8 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT’D) Cytoplasmic matrix Cytosol Function Cytoplasmic organelles 9 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES (CONT’D) Golgi complex Flattened, smooth membranes Secretory vesicles Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are packaged in the Golgi complex Cisternae 10 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES (CONT’D) Lysosomes Originate from the Golgi Catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates Role in autodigestion 11 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES (CONT’D) Mitochondria Surrounded by a double lipid–bilayer membrane Participates in oxidative phosphorylation Increased inner membrane surface area provided by cristae 12 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES (CONT’D) Cytoskeleton “Bones and muscles” of cell Maintains the cell’s shape and internal organization Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections Microtubules Centrioles Macrofilaments 13 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
PLASMA MEMBRANE Controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclose Structure Caveolae Lipids Amphipathic lipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol Carbohydrates Glycoproteins 14 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
PLASMA MEMBRANE (CONT’D) Proteins Integral membrane proteins float singly or as aggregates in the fluid lipid layer – these are the gateways. There also peripheral and transmembrane proteins. Functions Receptors Transport Enzymes Surface markers Catalysts Fluid mosaic model 15 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
PLASMA MEMBRANE (CONT’D) Fluid mosaic model Flexibility Self-regulating Impermeability to some substances Fluidity impacted by temperature, amount of cholesterol 16 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE FLUIDITY 17 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
CELL-TO-CELL ADHESIONS (CONT’D) Cell junctions - form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact Desmosomes Tight junctions Gap junctions Gating 18 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION Plasma membrane bound receptors Intracellular receptors Gap junctions (contact signaling) Chemical signaling Paracrine Autocrine Hormonal Neurohormonal Neurotransmitters 19 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
AUTOCRINE VS. PARACRINE Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
CELLULAR METABOLISM Metabolism Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions Anabolism Energy using Catabolism Energy releasing 21 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
ANABOLISM VS. CATABOLISM Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Cellular intake and output Cells continually take in nutrients, fluids, and chemical messengers from the extracellular environment and expel metabolites, or the products of metabolism, and end products of lysosomal digestion 23 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
BODY FLUIDS Electrolytes, which are electrically charged, make up 95% of solutes Cations are positively charged and migrate toward the negative pole (e. g. , Na+) Anions are negatively charged and migrate toward the positive pole (e. g. , Cl-) 24 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
BODY FLUIDS (CONT’D) Electrolytes are measured in milliequivalents per liter (m. Eq/L) or milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) Milliequivalent indicates the chemical-combining activity of an ion, which depends on the electrical charge, or valence (number of plus or minus signs) Monovalent—one charge (+) Divalent— 2 charges (++) Body fluid compartments (intracellular, intravascular, interstitial) maintain electrochemical balance (number of negative charges equals positive charges) 25 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
BODY FLUIDS (CONT’D) 1 m. Eq of any cation can combine chemically with 1 m. Eq of any anion; one monovalent anion will combine with one monovalent cation To maintain electrochemical balance, one divalent ion will combine with two monovalent ions (e. g. , Ca+++ 2 Cl- = Ca. Cl 2) The combining activity affects movement of electrolytes within and between body fluid compartments 26 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES Water and electrolytes move across cell membranes via multiple passive (no energy required) and active (energy required) mechanisms 28 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Passive transport (small uncharged solutes) No energy expended Diffusion of solutes Concentrated gradient Filtration Hydrostatic pressure (BP) Osmosis of water Tonicity Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic Passive mediated transport Integral or transmembrane proteins Channel protein (ion channels) (gating) 29 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (CONT’D) 30 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (CONT’D) Active mediated transport (active transport) Energy expended Protein transport pumps Na/K ATPase pump Transport by vesicle formation Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor mediated Caveolae Exocytosis 31 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
ACTIVE TRANSPORT 32 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
ACTIVE TRANSPORT VIDEO https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=yz 7 EHJFDEJs Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 34 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES Action Potential Video https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xd. Cr. Zm_JAp 0 35 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
TYPES OF TISSUE Epithelial tissue Simple vs. stratified squamous Transitional Cuboidal Simple vs. stratified columnar Pseudostratified ciliated 36 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
TYPES OF TISSUE (CONT’D) Connective tissue Dense regular or irregular Fibers Loose and dense connective tissue Elastic and reticular connective Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose 37 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES OF TISSUE (CONT’D) Muscle tissue Smooth Striated (skeletal) Cardiac 39 Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
TEST YOURSELF! #1 A cellular function that occurs in all cell types is: A. B. C. D. Secretion Movement Reproduction Metabolic absorption Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
TEST YOURSELF! #2 Active mediated transport involves: A. B. C. D. No expenditure of energy A receptor with a high degree of specificity Moving molecules down a concentration gradient The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
TEST YOURSELF! #3 The function of cellular energy metabolism and generation of most of the cell’s adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occurs in the: A. B. C. D. Nucleus Lysosomes Mitochondria Golgi complex Huether & Mc. Cance, 2012
- Slides: 42
