CHAPTER 1 BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION THE COLONIAL

CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1 Ancient Cultures arrived about 22, 000 years ago via a land bridge ► Earliest settlers were hunters ► Agriculture thrived starting about 5, 000 years ago ► Some Natives remained Nomadic ► Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished ►

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400 S ► Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography ► The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes ► Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400 S Long established, sophisticated societies existed in Western Africa ► The Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara trade ► Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were two famous dynasties ► Village and family bonds formed the basis of life ►

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400 S ► European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants ► Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power ► The Reformation in the early 1500 s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION ► The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400 s for God, Gold, and Glory ► Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in Salvador (“Holy Savior”) ► He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas ► Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System ► Disease devastated Native population ►

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800 s, 10 million Africans taken ü On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history ü On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents ü

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold New World to Old World: Syphilis

The Columbian Biological Exchange Animals: Old World to New World: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens New World to Old World: Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass New World to Old World: Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas ► Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico ► Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru ► Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System ►

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA Mid-1500 s, Spain explored much of what is today the SW & West of the USA ► New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who converted Natives (Pueblos) ► Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16 th century ► California was site of numerous missions ► California Missions

English Exploration/Settlement ► English showed little interest until reign of Elizabeth I. ► She supported “Sea Dogs” to confront the Spanish (Drake, Hawkins) and shared in the profits! ► Conflict with Spain lasted until the 1560’s!

English Exploration/Settlement ► Elizabeth I saw Catholics as potential “traitors”, after the Pope called her a heretic. ► She drove the Irish Catholics off their land replaced them with Englishmen. ► Used starvation and mass slaughter to destroy the Catholic “savages” ► (Note precedent here)

Joint Stock Companies ► ► ► Corpoartion Shareholders own the business More shares you have, the more power London Company and Plymouth Company ► First of these Joint Stock Companies ► London company became Virginia Company ► Plymouth totally disbanded King wanted no part unless he received a charter King’s Charter ► Received 20% of all gold and silver

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3 Beginning in the early 1600 s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America ► 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled ► John Smith led this group of settlers ► Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop ►

Jamestown ► First successful English colony ► Goal was to make MONEY! ► Most settlers were “Gentlemen” who did not want to work. Assumed that Indians would submit to, and feed the settlers ► Almost led to failure of the colony.

Jamestown/John Smith ► Instilled discipline ► Natural leader – fought the Turks ► Set rules about hygiene and work § “He who will not work, shall not eat” ► Negotiated truce “Powhatan Confederacy” with local Indians.

John Rolfe / Brown Gold ► What saved the colony? “Brown Gold” ► Most of the profit for the colony was made by planting tobacco. ► John Rolfe – Married Pocahontas, not John Smith – Hollywood story only!

Virginia Colony / Labor ► How to attract labor? § Headright System: 50 acres of land given to those who paid their way to the colonies. § Indentured Servitude: Land given in exchange for 4 -7 years of labor. ►½ died before gaining their freedom. ► 75% of the 130, 00 Englishmen who migrated to the Chesapeake area were Indentured Servants.

1619 Virginia ► Slaves: Initially treated as Indentured Servants ► House of Burgesses: § Colony abandoned military rule and provided for an elected assembly. The first elected legislative body that could make laws for the colony based on English Common Law.

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” ► The PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM” 16 th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants ► One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism

New England Colonies ► Formed as a haven for religious freedom. ► Pilgrims: § Myths of the Pilgrims § Mayflower Compact: ►Showed people! that power of government came from the

New England Colonies ► Other group of NE settlers: Puritans ► Massachusetts Bay Colony (MBC) formed in response to crackdown led by Charles II. ► Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of Catholic influences. ► Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop. ► “City upon a Hill”

COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion ► King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating ►

1630 -50/Religion, Politics, Dissent ► Puritan leaders tried to enforce conformity of Puritan orthodoxy. § Basically a THEOCRACY! § Residents had to attend services and pay taxes to the church. § Only those who were members of the church could vote. § Puritans supported education: Harvard, etc.

1630 -50/Religion, Politics, Dissent ► Puritan Church: § No hierarchy § Run by men § Members had to go through a “Conversion Experience” ►Self-denial ►Self-examination ►Repentance ►Public profession of grace

1630 -50/Religion, Politics, Dissent ► Dissent: ► Roger Williams: § Preached separation of church and state § Founded Rhode Island ► Anne Hutchinson: § Proponent of Antinomianism – faith and Gods grace was enough to get into heaven. ► Thomas Hooker:

Decline of Puritanism ► Large Population ► Dissent ► Stuart Restoration (1660) ► Decline in 2 nd/3 rd generation conversion § Half-Way Covenant ► Salem Witch Trials

Chesapeake Societies ► Government in VA: § 1619: § House of Burgesses founded § First elected (by land owners) legislative body in colonies. § Bi-Cameral: House and Governors council.

Chesapeake Societies ► Anglican church was most prominent ► Some religious toleration was present ► Religion less important that in NE – secondary mainly due to lack of clergy and churches ► All citizens had to pay for the support of the church, whether members or not.

Maryland ► The first proprietary colony, founded by Cecilius Calvert ► Created as a haven for Catholics and to make a profit. ► Act of Religious toleration: § Protected Catholics from persecution § First law affirming freedom of worship

Labor in the Chesapeake ► Labor demands to grow tobacco brought 100, 000+ to area by 1700. ► 90% indentured servants ► Low life expectancy ► Low birth rate: WHY? ► Conflicts between indentured servants and planter class led to many inequalities.

Bacon’s Rebellion ► First uprising in the American colonies between the “haves” and the “have-nots” ► Causes: § Unfair taxation, social inequalities, unequal voting rights, relations with Native Americans ► Results: § Indentured servants too difficult to control. Led to use of African Slaves

SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES ► Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600 s ► William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER Throughout the 1600 s and 1700 s, more British Colonies were established ► By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies ► Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies ► King George III

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTS 1651 - England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts ► These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade ► Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English ► The colonies were developing a spirit of selfdetermination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions ►

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4 New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies ► In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common ► Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people ► Southern Plantation

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE ► During the 17 th century, Africans endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies ► Cruelty characterized the months long journey – 13% died on route

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling ► Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns ► Others were more radical and tried escape & revolt ►

NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVES LIBERTY BELL The development of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse economies gradually made the North radically different from the South ► Philly was the 2 nd largest British port ► Farming differed from the South: smaller, more diverse crops in North ►

Rebellion and War ► “Restoration Monarchs” § Charles II § James II ► Colonization of: NY, NJ, PA, DE. Each were proprietary colonies

Glorious Revolution ► Pro-Catholic tendencies by James II led Parliament to make a change: ► William and Mary named King/Queen ► Agreed to: § Limited Monarchy § Superiority of Parliament over the Crown § Results in Europe and America?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING 1700 s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies ► The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws ► Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures ►

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700 s ► Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement ► Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds ► Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual ►

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Competition in North America led to a war (1754 -1763) between old rivals France and England ► The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants ► Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict ► The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French ► FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George Washington eventually defeated the French ► Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763 ► Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada ► Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss ► WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains ► The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway) ►