Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright 2012 2009

Learning Objectives • Divide medical terms into their component parts • Analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using common combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Important Word Parts • • Root: the essential meaning of the term Suffix: word ending Prefix: small part added to the beginning of the term Combining vowel: connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots • Combining form: the combination of the root and the combining vowel Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

General Rules 1. 2. 3. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and then across Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not gastroitis Keep the combining vowel word roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Word Division Example: ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM means record of electricity in the heart ELECTR: O: CARDI: O: GRAM: root combining vowel suffix Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Word Division (cont. ) Example: SUB/GASTR/IC means pertaining to under the stomach SUB: prefix (under) GASTR: root IC: suffix (stomach) (pertaining to) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Combining Forms aden/o arthr/o bi/o carcin/o cardi/o gland joint life cancer, cancerous heart Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Combining Forms (cont. ) cephal/o cerebr/o cyst/o cyt/o derm/o gland cerebrum, largest part of the brain urinary bladder cell skin Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Combining Forms (cont. ) dermat/o electr/o encephal/o enter/o skin electricity brain intestines (often the small intestines) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Combining Forms (cont. ) erythr/o gastr/o gnos/o gynec/o hem/o red stomach knowledge woman, female blood Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Combining Forms (cont. ) hemat/o hepat/o lapar/o leuk/o nephr/o blood liver abdomen white kidney Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

Combining Forms (cont. ) neur/o nerve onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Combining Forms (cont. ) psych/o ren/o rhin/o sarc/o thromb/o mind kidney nose flesh clotting Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Suffixes - algia - cyte - ectomy pertaining to pain cell cutting out; removal,

Suffixes (cont. ) - emia - globin - gram - ia - ic blood condition protein record condition pertaining to Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Suffixes (cont. ) - ism - itis - logist - logy condition, process inflammation specialist in the study of Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Suffixes (cont. ) - oma - opsy - osis - scope tumor, mass process of viewing abnormal condition instrument to visually examine Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Suffixes (cont. ) - scopy - sis - tomy process of visual examination state of process of cutting into (incision) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

Prefixes a-, anautdiadysendo- no, not self complete, through bad, painful, difficult, abnormal within Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Prefixes (cont. ) exohyperhypoperi- outside excessive, more than normal, too much below, less than normal, under surrounding Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Prefixes (cont. ) proreretrosubtrans- before, forward back behind below, under across, through Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Medical Scramble 1. Pertaining to the heart DACCIRA 2. Nerve pain UGARENLAI 3. Deficiency of hemoglobin causes this condition IMEANA Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

Medical Scramble (cont. ) 4. Study of cells GLYCOTOY 5. Infants are often born in this position…head first! PCLAHIEC 6. Inflammation of a gland NIDIEAST Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23