Chapter 1 Basic Concepts The Cultural Landscape An

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the purpose of Maps? Purpose of Maps Examples of Maps • Examples Brainstorm © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where the Hell is Matt? Pinpoint Indicate • As you view the video • Where Matt is on your map. • Take a guess if you are uncertain. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Africa is a continent = 54 countries Maps show relationships amongst countries, regions, area, population and culture © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How do we analyze a Map • • • Open your notebooks Origins of Maps Themes Map Activity Writing Activity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are the five themes? • Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. – Location Absolute and Relative – Place – Movement – Region – Human Environment Interaction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are the five themes? • Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. – Location Absolute and Relative – Place – Movement – Region – Human Environment Interaction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Defining Geography • Word coined by Eratosthenes – Geo = Earth – Graphia = writing • Geography thus means “earth writing” © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Oldest Known Maps 7 th Century BC World Map 6 th Century BC • Catalhoyuk=Turkey • • Ancient City of Babylon Center : cities shown as Circles Seven Islands form a star shape © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Theme 1: Location • Where is It? • Why is It There? Two Types of Location • Absolute • Relative © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Absolute Location • • A specific place on the Earth’s surface Uses a grid system Latitude and longitude A global address © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

New York Absolute Location • New York’s coordinates • 40° 07' N, 74° W © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

LOCATION Where are we? • Absolute Location – A latitude and longitude (global location) or a street address (local location). • Relative Location – Described by landmarks, time, direction or distance. From one place to another. You are Here – Paris France is 48 o North Latitude and 2 o East Longitude. – The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. – Go 1 mile west on main street and turn left for 1 block.

Relative Location • Where a place is in relation to another place • Uses directional words to describe – Cardinal and intermediate directions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

New York’s relative location • New York is bordered by Pennsylvania and New Jersey to the south, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east The Atlantic Ocean forms New York’s east coast. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• • • Map Activity Getting to know our Activity Maps Map keys, regions, cardinal directions, climate, geographical features, absolute location and relative locations. FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS STEP BY STEP You can write on the large activity map With your partner 1 person can read the directions and the other person can write on the map WORK TOGETHER COMPLETE 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C • 2 D place your name on 2 D answer questions 1 and 2 • Circle an area on the map that you would like to live, write a paragraph of why you would like to live in that area discuss, climate, topography, culture, resources , use the Atlas for reference • Map Clean up © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• • See website for upcoming assignments 9/29 History of the world in 6 classes Vocabulary due see website International time zone due 9/29 worksheet NO Journal Entries due 9/29 Take home due 10/2 will be remitted this week*** Some grading has been completed Please include cite/quote sources in your writing assignments / citation list • If there is an error in Jupiter Grades leave me your GRADED work and I will review. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Complete your Regions Info • Take out your notebooks: • As each person presents 2 -3 minutes • Bullet point the country area it is within the world formal, functional and vernacular of the region • This will add to your knowledge of place. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maps and Globes • • Types of projections Azimuthal Projection: Polar accurate Mercator Map: used for navigation Conical Projection : Cone base little distortion, areas in Middle Latitude © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Place • A place is defined by it’s unique characteristics. – Physical characteristics – Cultural characteristics © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Physical Maps • Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like. • A physical map highlights Earth’s natural features, such as mountains and forests. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Political Maps © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Contemporary Geography • Geographers ask where and why – Location and distribution are important terms • Geographers are concerned with the tension between globalization and local diversity • A division: physical geography and human geography © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Your Activity Ten Maps You are assigned a number Go to each map • There are ten maps around the room • Go to each map and • For EACH number ( there are 7 questions for each map • Bullet point the answer for each map indicated by each map number • Your analysis : which two maps accurately depict space, region, projections explain © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Geography’s Vocabulary • Place a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic A place is a point. • Examples © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Movement • Movement © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Movement © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are the five themes? • Tools geographer’s use to study features on earth. – Location Absolute and Relative – Place – Movement – Region – Human Environment Interaction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

PLACE What is it like there, what kind of place is it? • Human • Physical Characteristics • What are the main languages, customs, and beliefs. • How many people live, work, and visit a place. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Landforms (mountains, rivers, etc. ), climate, vegetation, wildlife, soil, etc.

REGION • Region Is an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features Examples of Region • Region © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Region • The world is divided into different regions based upon similarities & differences. – – – Climate Location Beliefs Languages Ethnicity/Race • Types: – Formal – Functional – Perceptual © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Formal Region • Most common/familiar. • Determined by the distribution of a uniform characteristic (physical or cultural) – Location – Climate – Religion • Examples – Central America (Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama) – Latin America (spanish-speaking nations) – Tropics (countries located near equator) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Perceptual/ Vernacular Region • Groups of areas that provoke a certain stereotype or feeling. • Examples: – The Bronx – The “ghetto” – China town © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

REGIONS • How are Regions similar to and different from other places? – Formal Regions • Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries, Cities) • Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown). – Functional Regions • Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area). – Vernacular Regions • Regions defined by peoples • perception • (middle east, the south, etc. ) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Interaction/Connections • Connection are relationships among people and objects across barrier of space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

INTERACTION • How do humans and the environment affect each other? – We depend on it. • People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation. – We modify it. • People modify our environment by heating and cooling buildings for comfort. – We adapt to it. • We adapt to the environment by wearing clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and winter (coats), rain and shine. Sample terms: Migration, diffusion, globalization © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Predict and Research Activity • You and your partner have a country within an area of the world • Make a key/Color Code for your map YOU MAY USE THE ATLAS TO LOCATE THE AREA TO COLOR CODE THE CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, FEATURES, YOUR KEY/LEGEND INDICATES YOUR COLOR CODING /SYMBOLS FOR FEATURES • COMPLETE YOUR MAP CODING TODAY • PART 1 THEN ON THE WORKSHEET PREDICT the 5 themes to the area • PART 2 Wednesday Complete your prediction and begin Research your area using the internet Fill in your info chart • Thursday : After 30 minute Quiz • Make a T chart of your prediction , research , begin power point • Writing Activity How did the 5 themes help you predict and conduct research of your country? Work on power point , How accurate were you, What did you learn ? • Monday Present your country to the class/ Power point 3 -5 minutes , Pictures depicting the 5 themes. W • Five Themes of Geography Location /Absolute and Relative Place Movement • Region Human Interaction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Complete Regions • • Take out your notebooks As each person share their region Bullet point Area Formal Functional Vernacular © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reminders • History of the World in 6 glasses • Vocabulary due: Type or write it on paper and when your vocabulary book is returned staple it, into your book • One worksheet Time Zones : Questions on line and new copies made • Due 9/29 • Take home exam due 10/2 • There are worksheets on the side board with NO name please verify if it is yours place your name on it and return to me © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How can we Analyze Maps • • • Different types of maps Scale Space Location Culture Ecosystem © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maps: Scale • Types of map scale – Ratio or fraction – Written – Graphic • Projection transfer locations of Earth surface to a flat map – Distortion • • Shape Distance Relative size Direction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scale relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Why do we need to understand SCALE? Remember that a map is a visual representation of a much larger area of land. Because the Earth is round and maps are flat, it is impossible to create a map with a perfect scale. Some parts of the map will be too large, while others will be too small. The larger a territory represented by a map, the greater that the distortions in scale will be. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Space Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects. Geographers observe that many objects are distributed across space in a a regular manner. Examples of Space © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maps • Two purposes – As reference tools • To find locations, to find one’s way – As communications tools • To show the distribution of human and physical features © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

U. S. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Township and range system – Township = 6 sq. miles on each side • North–south lines = principal meridians • East–west lines = base lines – Range – Sections © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Township and Range System Figure 1 -5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Place: Unique Location of a Feature • Location – Place names • Toponym – Site – Situation – Mathematical location © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Place: Mathematical Location • Location of any place can be described precisely by meridians and parallels – Meridians (lines of longitude) • Prime meridian – Parallels (lines of latitude) • The equator • International Time Zones © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Map Activity • You have been assigned a number on your worksheet I will indicate where you are to begin • `1) Go to the map I direct you to • 2) Each Map is numbered • 3) Your worksheet indicates the MAP number • 4) Answer Q 1 -7 based on that map Bullet point your ideas • 5) Do not move to the next map until the music stops. • 6) As you pass the desk take a candy • Return worksheet to me we will continue on Monday Enjoy your weekend © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Contemporary Tools • Geographic Information Science (GIScience) – Global Positioning Systems (GPS) – Remote sensing – Geographic information systems (GIS) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1 -7

The Cultural Landscape • A unique combination of social relationships and physical processes • Each region = a distinctive landscape • People = the most important agents of change to Earth’s surface © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Culture • Origin from the Latin cultus, meaning “to care for” • Two aspects: – What people care about • Beliefs, values, and customs – What people take care of • Earning a living; obtaining food, clothing, and shelter © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cultural Ecology • The geographic study of human– environment relationships • Two perspectives: – Environmental determinism – Possibilism • Modern geographers generally reject environmental determinism in favor of possibilism © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Physical Processes • • Climate Vegetation Soil Landforms – These four processes are important for understanding human activities © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Modifying the Environment • Examples – The Netherlands • Polders – The Florida Everglades Figure 1 -21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scale • Globalization – Economic globalization • Transnational corporations – Cultural globalization • A global culture? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Space: Distribution of Features • Distribution—three features – Density • Arithmetic • Physiological • Agricultural – Concentration – Pattern © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Space–Time Compression Figure 1 -29 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spatial Interaction • Transportation networks • Electronic communications and the “death” of geography? • Distance decay Figure 1 -30 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diffusion • The process by which a characteristic spreads across space and over time • Hearth = source area for innovations • Two types of diffusion – Relocation – Expansion • Three types: hierarchical, contagious, stimulus © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relocation Diffusion: Example Figure 1 -31 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The End. Up next: Population © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.