Chapter 1 Applied Learning Outcomes Learn body orientation

Chapter 1

Applied Learning Outcomes Learn body orientation terms that explain or describe the following: • Body direction • Various views of the body and body parts • Positioning of the body for medical procedures Learn the locations of • The major body regions and cavities, and the structures contained within them Use the terminology associated with the major body regions and cavities Understand aging and pathology as they relate to body organization Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

Introduction Fine or Microscopic Anatomy: The study of anatomy concerned with the microscopic features of the body Gross Anatomy: The study of anatomy concerned with the features of the body visible to the naked eye Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

Anatomy is the study of body structure (Like size, shape, location, etc. ) Physiology is the study of how the body and systems function Homeostasis: the body’s ability to remain stable despite changes.

Anatomical Position is standing upright facing forward, arms at the sides with Palms forward, and the feet slightly apart.

Human Body Orientation Directional orientation explains a particular view of a person Directional planes are views of imaginary lines sliced through a person Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

Directional orientation explains a particular view of a person. • Medial refers to the middle of the body. • Lateral refers to the sides of the body. • Superior, or cephalic, refers to a location near the head. • Inferior, or caudal, refers to a location near the feet. • Anterior, or ventral, refers to the front of the human body. • Posterior, or dorsal, refers to the back of the human body.

Directional planes are views of imaginary lines sliced through a person. • A sagittal section slices the body vertically into left and right sections. • A midsagittal section slices the body into equal left and right halves. • A frontal, or coronal, section slices the body vertically into anterior and posterior sections. • A transverse section slices the body horizontally into inferior and superior sections.

Positions • Sitting • Fowlers • Supine • Trendelenburgs • Prone • Modified tredelenburgs • Dorsal recumbent • Lithotomy • Knee-chest • Sims

Human Body Orientation • Antagonistic: Opposing movements Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Inversion Eversion Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

Flexion: to bend a joint Extension: to straighten a joint Abduction: movement of the arm or leg away from the midline of the body Adduction: movement of the arm or leg toward the midline of the body Eversion: movement of the hand or foot so that the thumb or great toe moves away from the midline of the body Inversion: movement of the hand or foot so that the thumb or great toe moves toward the midline of the body

Body Regions and Cavities • Body regions are divided into general locations, abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

Body regions are divided into general locations, abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants. • Abdominopelvic regions include nine sections that divide up the abdominal and pelvic portions of the body. • Quadrants section the abdominal region into four portions.

Abdominal Stomach Acromial Shoulder region Axillary Arm pit Brachial Arm (upper) Cardiac heart Carpal Wrist Cervical Neck region Clavicular Collar bone Cranial skull Cubital Elbow Cutaneous skin Femoral Thigh Geniculate Knee region Gastric stomach

Gluteal Hepatic Lumbar Nasal Ocular Palmar Pectoral Pedal Pelvic Plantar Pubic Pulmonary Renal Thoracic Buttocks Liver Small of back nose Eyes Hands Chest region Foot Hip bones and pelvis Sole of foot Groin region lungs kidneys Chest

Superficial Any body part close to skin Deep Region towards the inside Bilateral Laterally on sides of body Unilateral Single part in lateral location Parietal Outer wall of hollow body part, or thin covering

Body Regions and Cavities • The human body is naturally divided into internal cavities Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body

2 Main Cavities 1. Dorsal: (posterior) 2. Ventral: (anterior) Dorsal Cavity has 2 cavities inside: 1. Cranial Cavity: formed by the skull, contains the brain. 2. Spinal or Vertebral Cavity: formed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. Ventral Cavity ( 2 parts) separated by the diaphragm) 1. Thoracic: heart and lungs found here 2. Abdominal Cavity: liver, stomach, intestines

Summary Directional terms describe • the relative location of different body features • the ways the body can be viewed along imaginary lines Position terms explain • how a patient should be positioned for a procedure Movement terms explain • a person’s ability to move a body structure in a particular direction in relation to the center of the body Body region terms • create a map of the body locations • describe the location of pain or injury Body cavity terms • create a map of the body structures • help healthcare workers communicate accurately and effectively Chapter 1 – Overview of the Body