Chapter 1 Anatomical Terminology Medical Imaging Organ System

Chapter 1 Anatomical Terminology, Medical Imaging, Organ System Overview

Memorization • Factors that affect transfer from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) – Emotional state: best if alert, motivated, surprised and aroused – Rehearsal: repetition and practice – Association: tying new information with old memories – Automatic memory: subconscious information stored in LTM 2

1 2 Chemical level Cellular level 3 Tissue level 4 Organ level Heart Blood vessels 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system level

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: Structure of body parts and their relations – Gross (seen by unaided eye): regional, systemic, surface – Microscopic: cytology and histology – Developmental: studying the anatomy of the developing organism and embryology (fertilization to third month-> fetus) • Physiology: function

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Essential tools for the study of anatomy: – – – Mastery of anatomical terminology Observation Manipulation Palpation Auscultation

Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy 1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency §Prefix Meaning Example_________ §Abfrom, away abnormal - away from normal §Adto, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey §Antebefore antepartum - before delivery of child §Bradyslow bradycardia - slow heart beat §Brevshort brevity - in a short time §Circumaround circumocular - around the eye §Cowith, together coordinate - work together §Conwith, together congenital - with birth §Contraagainst contraindicated - not indicated §Counteragainst counterirritant - against irritation §Disapart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart §Ectoutside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus 6

Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy 1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency §End§Epi§Ex§Hypo§Hyper- within upon, on top of out from under, lower above, higher endocardium - lining inner heart epidermis - upon the skin exhalation - breathe out hypodermic - under the skin hyperactive - higher level activity §Imnot immature - not mature §Innot incurable - not curable §Infraunder, below infrapatellar - below the knee §Periaround pericardium - sac around the heart §Postafter postmortem - after death §Prebefore prenatal - before birth §Probefore prognosis - a fore-knowing §Superabove, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow §Supraabove, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone §Symwith, together symphony - sounds played together §Synwith, together synarthrosis - union of bones 7 §Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra

2. Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement §Uni§Mono§Bi§Bin§Di§Ter§Tri§Quadr§Tetra§Poly§Oligo§Micro§Macro§Mega- one two two three many unicycle - one wheel one mononuclear - one nucleus bilateral - two sides binocular - two eyes dicephalic - two heads tertiary - the third part or stage trilobar - three lobes four quadriceps - muscle with four heads four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule polydactyly - many digits (more than 5) few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together small microscope - equipment to view small things large macrophage - large eating cell great/enormous megadontia - huge teeth 8

3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound Aud- audition - to hear someone § § ear, hear Abdomin/o abdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen Acr/o extremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs § § Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel § § § Arthr/o joint arthritis - inflammation of a joint § Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip § Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart § Corp- § body corpus callosum - connecting body Chondr/o cartilage Cephal/o head § § Cyst/o § Cyt/o § bladder chondrocyte - cartilage cell cephalic - relating to the head cystoscopy - view of the bladder cell 9 cytokinesis - cell movement

Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things § Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth § Dermat/o skin dermatitis - skin inflammation § Duoden/o duodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum § Encephal/o § Gastr/o stomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine § Hepat/o liver hepatitis - liver inflammation § Gloss/o tongue glossopathy - tongue disease § Glute- buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle § Laryng/o larynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation § My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle § Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys § Neur/o nerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system § Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell § Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation § Ophthalm/o § Path/o § Pneumon/o § Rhin/o § Stomat/o mouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation § Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax brain eye disease exophthalmos - eyes bulge out pathological - relating to disease lung nose encephalitis - brain inflammation pneumonia - condition of the lung rhinoplasty - reform the nose 10

Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents Suffix Meaning Example______________ §-ac related to cardiac - related to the heart §-ious related to contagious - communicable by contact §-ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach §-ism condition mutism - condition of being mute §-osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone §-tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition §-ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor §-or agent operator §-er agent examiner §-ician agent physician §-centesis to puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid) §-ectomy to cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix §-ostomy to cut and form opening §-otomy to cut or slice colostomy - opening to drain the colon tracheotomy - cut the trachea 11

4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents Suffix Meaning Example______________ §-pexy to fix or repair §-plasty to reform or repair §-rraphy to suture, sew gastropexy - repair the stomach rhinoplasty - reform the nose ateriorraphy - suture an artery §-scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear §-algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain §-cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs §-emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood §-gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action §-graph recording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart §-itis inflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation §-ology the study of ophthalmology - study of the eye §-oma tumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics §-orrhea flow menorrhea - flow during menstruation §-malacia soft osteomalacia - bone softening §-phasia speech dysphasia - slurred or blunted 12 speech §-phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders

Anatomical Position • • – – – Why? Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

Directional terms: • Superior: toward the upper region of body or structure, above • Inferior: below, toward the lower region of body or structure • Anterior (ventral): toward the front in humans • Posterior (dorsal): toward the back in humans • Medial: toward the midline of the body; inner side • Ipsilateral: same side • Contralateral: on the opposite side • Lateral: away from the midline of the body; toward the side • Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Directional terms (continued): • Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body part • Distal: farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body part • Superficial (external): toward of at the body surface • Deep (internal): Away from the surface; more internal • Parietal: Pertaining to the walls of a cavity • Visceral: Pertaining to an internal organ the body or internal part of a structure

Planes and Sections • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section • Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally • Sagittal plane: divides the body vertically into left and right parts – Midsagittal plane: lies on the midline – Parasagittal plane: not on the midline

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Cavities: spaces closed to the outside that protect organs within Cranial cavity (contains brain) Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity contains heart and lungs Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity contains digestive viscera Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity in mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1. 9 a-b

Body Cavities 1. Dorsal Body Cavity a. cranial cavity (brain) b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord) 2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here) a. thoracic cavity i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist) ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (eg. heart) b. abdominopelvic cavity i. abdominal - stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine ii. pelvic - urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs 3. Other Body Cavities a. oral cavity (mouth) b. nasal cavity (sinuses for air passage) c. orbital cavities (eyes) d. middle ear cavities (in temporal bone) e. synovial cavities (freely moveable joints) 19

Serous Membrane (Serosa): a double membrane surrounding the ventral body cavities • Thin, doublelayered membrane separated by serous fluid – Parietal serosa lines internal body walls – Visceral serosa covers the internal organs heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium

Abdominopelvic quadrants Used mostly by medical professionals Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1. 11

Abdominopelvic regions: nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Right Epigastric hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1. 12

Regional Terms • Two major divisions of body: • Axial • Head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular • Limbs • Regional terms designate specific areas

Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux

Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1. 7 b

Medical Imaging Techniques A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph) 1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors) 26

B. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning 1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image 2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc. C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) 1. ultrafast CT scan to see 3 D images of organ action/motion 2. can visualize blood flowing though vessels and heart beating 3. can evaluate heart defects, constricted or blocked vessels and the status of coronary bypass grafts 27

C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1. uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays 2. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood flow problems, injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues 3. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart because it looks at hydrogen which is mostly in water Pancreas Aorta Spleen Left and Liver Heart Spleen right lungs Stomach Arm Liver Spinal cord Body wall Subcutaneous fat layer Intestines Rectum Vertebral column 28

E. Ultrasound (US) 1. uses high frequency sound waves 2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development 29

F. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, computer analyzes emmission of gamma rays and produces a colorful live action picture 2. Detects areas undergoing metabolism 3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain tasks. Also detects brain activity in people affected by mental illness, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy. 30

G. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the vessels 2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart attacks 31

Respiratory system Digestive system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Food O 2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO 2 Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Urinary system Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Feces Urine

Digestive system: § mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, salivary glands, Respiratory system: exocrine pancreas, Circulatory system: § Nose, pharynx, § heart, blood liver, gallbladder larynx, trachea, § breaks dietary food vessels bronchi, lungs into small nutrient § transports molecules. § obtains O 2 & materials (e. g. , eliminates CO 2 nutrients, gases)

Urinary system § kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra § removes & eliminates wastes from the plasma Skeletal system § bones, cartilage, joints § provides support and protection for soft tissues Muscular system § skeletal muscles § moves the bones

Immune system § lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, white blood Integumentary cells & tissue, other system lymphoid tissue § skin, hair, nails § defends against § serves as an outer foreign invaders protective barrier Nervous system § brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves & special sense organs § Rapid control system

Endocrine system Reproductive system § all hormone-secreting tissues, § Male: testes, penis, prostate including: hypothalamus, glands, seminal vesicles, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, bulbourethral glands, & endocrine pancreas, gonads, associated ducts kidneys, pineal, thymus, § Female: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, parathyroids, intestine, heart, vagina, breasts fat cells, skin - perpetuation of § regulates activities that require§ reproductive the species duration