Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior Historical Perspectives Abnormal Behavior
Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior: Historical Perspectives
Abnormal Behavior n Abnormal n n Deviating from Normal or Average Behavior n Personal Conduct 2
Defining Abnormal Behavior 4 Perspectives n Norm Violation n Statistical Rarity n Personal Discomfort n Maladaptive Behavior 3
1. Norm Violation n Norms = “Right” vs. “Wrong” n Deviance Associated With: n Incomprehensibility n Rarity n Observer Discomfort n Violation of Social/Cultural Standards 4
Andrew Martinez “NORMAL” GUY? 5
The Naked Guy, Andrew Martinez “ABNORMAL”? n UC Berkeley student who attended classes in the nude 6
Madonna: Norm Violation? n LIKE A VIRGIN! n Society Rewarding of Conformity 7
Marilyn Manson: Norm Violation? n Male wearing heavy makeup n Abnormal? 8
2. Statistical Rarity n Normal n n Abnormal Behavior n n Falls within average Deviation from the average Example: Mental Retardation 9
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Homosexuality n STATISTICAL ABNORMALITY? 11
3. Personal Discomfort n Distressing feelings, thoughts or behaviors n Judged from the person’s own perspective as distressing n OCD 12
4. Maladaptive Behavior n Behavior Pattern n n Functioning n n Focuses on the adaptiveness of the behavior Focuses on various levels of functioning Disability n Impaired ability to function 13
Marijuana Abuse No Impairment = No Abnormality 14
Psychopathology n Scientific study of psychological disorders 15
Culture & Gender - Abnormality n Determine the ways people express distress or lose touch with reality n Relate to people’s willingness to admit to psychological disturbances n Influence the types of treatment people will accept 16
Definition of Abnormality in DSM-IV n Behavioral, emotional, or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in the cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment in functioning 17
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Supernatural Model n Agents outside our bodies and the environment influence our emotions, thinking, and behaviors n Demons, Divinities, Spirits, Magnetic Field 18
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n n 8000 B. C. - Stone Age Archeological Evidence – Skulls with holes drilled in them Believed that evil spirits were trapped inside the head Releasing the evil spirits would cause a return to normality 19
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n TREPHINING 20
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior 21
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Hippocrates (460 -377 BC) n Humoral Theory n Good Health Associated With 4 bodily fluids n n Black bile Yellow bile Phlegm Blood 22
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n EXORCISM n Another method of driving away evil spirits 23
Recent Exorcism? n Minister Barred from Exorcisms (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)--A self- described minister facing a criminal charge in the death of an autistic child during a prayer session was ordered not to perform exorcisms as a bail condition during a Wednesday court appearance. Crimenews 2000. com n MILWAUKEE, Wisconsin (AP) -- A pastor said Saturday that church leaders were trying to heal an autistic 8 -year-old boy when he inexplicably stopped breathing and died during a prayer service Friday night. CNN. com (August 24, 2003) 24
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Paracelsus (1493 -1541) n n Swiss Physician Rejected notions of possession by the devil Suggested that the movements of the moon & stars had effects on psychological functioning Inspired the word “LUNATIC” derived from the Latin word for moon, Luna 25
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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Bleeding or Bloodletting n Measured amount of blood removed from the body, typically with leeches 27
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Induction of Vomiting n Eating tobacco or half -boiled cabbage to induce vomiting (Burton, 1621) 28
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n 15 th Century THE WITCH HUNTS n Witches are causes of madness 29
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n EARLY ASYLUMS n Middle Ages or “Dark Ages” n Very Poor Conditions n Example: Bedlam (Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem in London) 30
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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior 34
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n 1 st half of 18 th Century n REFORM MOVEMENT n Jean Baptisete Pussin in Paris n Philippe Pinel n n William Tuke in England n n (1745 -1826) (1732 -1822) Benjamin Rush in America n (1745 -1813) 35
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Tranquilizing Chair n Purpose was to reduce stimulating blood flow to the brain by binding the patient’s head and limbs n Benjamin Rush 36
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Hydrotherapy n Surprise immersions into cold water 37
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n MORAL TREATMENT n Treating patients as normally as possible in a setting that reinforced normal social interaction n Dorothea Dix (1802 -1887) 38
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n n 19 th Century Syphilis n A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain 39
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Insulin Shock Therapy n Dosage of insulin used to bring about convulsions n Dangerous: Resulted in prolonged coma or death n Polish Physician n 1927 – Manfred Sakel 40
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Electroconvulsive Therapy n Induced brain seizures to cure schizophrenia n Joseph von Meduna 41
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Emergence of Modern Perspectives n Psychoanalysis n Behaviorism n Cognitive 42
History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior n Deinstitutionalization n n 1960’s Mentally ill integrated into communities 43
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