Chapter 1 1 Word Root Basic meaning of

Chapter 1

§ 1. Word Root § Basic meaning of the term § Usually indicates the part of the body involved § 2. Combining Form § Word root with its combining vowel (Gastr/o) § If two word roots are combined, the combining vowel is ALWAYS used § If the suffix begins with a consonant, the combining vowel is used § If the suffix begins with a vowel, the combining vowel is not used. § Example: gastroenteritis § Gastr/o stomach, enter/o small intestine, -itis inflammation § Most common combining letter is “o”

§ Cyan/o = blue and –osis = abnormal condition § What medical term is formed from these two word parts? What does it mean? § Cyanosis - Blue skin color from ↓oxygen § Erythr/o = red and –cyte = cell § What term is formed? What does this term mean? § Erythrocyte - Red blood cell § Leuk/o = White, and –cyte=cell § What term is formed? What does this term mean? § Leukocyte - White blood cell

§ Melan/o = black and –osis = abnormal condition or disease § What term is formed and what does it mean? § Melanosis - Any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs § Poli/o = gray and myel/o = spinal cord § What term is formed from combining these word parts and what does it mean? § Poliomyelitis - “Polio” is a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord

§ Dextr/o = right side § Gastr/o = stomach § Sinistr/o = left side § Enter/o = small § Col = colon intestines § Neur/o = nerve § Tonsill = tonsils § Crani = skull § Hepat/o = liver § Arteri/o = artery § Arthr/o = joint § Angi/o = blood vessel § My/o = muscle § Derm = skin § Myel/o = spinal cord or bone marrow § Myc/o = fungus § Cost = rib § Ot/o = ear § Laryng = throat § Rhin/o = nose § Lith = stone

§ 3. Suffix § Usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease § Always comes at the end of the word § You will know it’s a suffix when it has a hyphen (-) preceding it… -itis §Every medical word has a suffix!

-a -e -um -us -y Example: crani = skull Adding –um = cranium

Examples: § -ac § -ine § -al § -ior § -an § -ory § -ar § -ous § -ary § -tic § -eal § -ic Cardi=heart Cardiac = pertaining to the heart Crani=skull Cranial = pertaining to the skull Nervous Corneal Abdominal Natal (nat=birth)

§-ago §-esis gastr = stomach §-ia So… §-iasis Gastrosis = any disease of the stomach §-ion §-ism §-osis

§ Pathology = study of all aspects of diseases (path = disease and –ology = the study of) § -algia and –dynia = pain § -itis = inflammation § -megaly = enlargement § -malacia = abnormal softening § -necrosis = tissue death § -sclerosis = abnormal hardening § - stenosis = abnormal narrowing

§ If gastr/o = stomach, then what does gastralgia mean? § Pain in stomach § What does gastrodynia mean? § Pain in stomach § How about gastritis? § Inflammation of stomach § If hepat/o means liver, what is hepatomegaly? § Enlargement of liver

§ If arteri/o means artery, what is arteriomalacia? § Softening of artery § What is arterionecrosis? § Death of artery § How about arteriosclerosis? § Hardening of artery § Arteriostenosis? § Narrowing of artery § What is the opposite of -malacia? § -Sclerosis

§-centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid §-graphy = process of producing a picture or record §-gram = a picture or record §-plasty = surgical repair §-scopy = visual examination §-otomy = surgical incision

§ If abdomin/o = abdomen, what is a procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen? § abdominocentesis § If angi/o = blood vessel, what word describes creating a picture of a blood vessel? § angiography § What is a picture of a blood vessel? § angiogram § If my/o = muscle, what is a surgical repair of a muscle? § myoplasty § If arthr/o = joint, what is the visual examination of a joint? § arthroscopy

§ These can be confusing! § -rrhage and –rrhagia = bleeding (often sudden and severe) § -rrhaphy = surgical suturing to close a wound § -rrhea = flow or discharge (most body fluids) § -rrhexis = rupture

§ If hem/o = blood, what is a hemorrhage? § Bleeding a lot of blood § If my/o = muscle, what is on in a myorraphy? going § Suturing a muscle § If dia- = through, what is the medical definition of diarrhea? § Flowing through § If your patient is suffering from a myorrhexis, what has happened? § Rupture of a muscle

§ 4. Prefixes § Usually indicates the location, time, number or status. § A prefix always comes at the beginning of a word. § You will recognize a prefix because it will be followed by a hyphen (-) § Example hyper- means excessive or increased

§ Nat = birth § -al = pertaining to § Pre- before § Peri- surrounding § Post- after § What do prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal mean?

§ Ab- = away from, negative or absent § Ad- = toward, to, in the direction of § Ex- = out of, outside, away from § In- = in, into, not, without § Macro- = large, abnormal size or long § Micro- = small § Mega- = large or great § Oligo- = scanty or few

A. Ab- away from A. Ad- toward, to, in the direction of B. Dys- bad, difficult or painful B. Eu- good, normal, well or easy C. Hyper- excessive or increased C. D. Inter-between or among E. Sub- under less or below Hypo- deficient or decreased D. Intra- within or inside E. Super- supra- above or excessive F. Sinistr/o left side F. Dextr/o right side G. Ex- out of, outside, away from G. In- in, into (not, without) H. Macro large, abnormal size or H. long Micro- small I. Mega- or megal/o large great I. Olig/o scanty, few J. Pre- before J. Post- after, behind

§ To determine a word’s meaning, look at the component pieces. § Always start at the end of the word (suffix) and work toward the beginning § Because some word parts have more than one meaning, you should also know the context of the word § Double check with a medical dictionary § *** not all medical terms are made up of word parts****

§ Spend a few minutes reviewing the dictionary § User guide, table of contents, appendices etc. § Make sure to read ALL the definitions § If the term has multiple terms, try searching the last term first and work your way forward until you find it § Congestive heart failure is often listed as heart failure, congestive

§Use only reputable sites! §http: //www. NIH. gov is a good one §Check at least 2 sites and compare definitions to make sure they agree §Beware of suggested search terms, make sure that what they are suggesting is what you want!

§ Use the pronunciation guide in the text § Use the studyware that came with your text § Pay close attention to the part of the word that gets the most emphasis § Appendicitis (ah-pen-dih-SIGH-tis) § Edema (eh-DEE-mah) meas swelling

Singular Ends in… Make It Plural By… § -a § Change end to –ae § -ex or –ix § -ices § -is § -es § -it is § Change –is to –ides § -nx § Change –x to –ges § -on § -a § -um § -a § -us § -i

Singular Plural § Ganglion § Ganglia § Vertebrae § Malleolus § Malleoli § Index § Indices § Phalanx § Phalanges § Ovum § Ova § Alveolus § Alveoli § Metastasis § Metastases (bony parts of ankle) (finger and toe bones) (al-VEE-oh-lye)

§ Arteri/o = artery § Ather/o = plaque or fatty substance § Arthr/o = joint § End- within, -al pertaining to, -oma tumor, - algia pain § Endarterial? § Pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery § Atheroma? § Fatty deposit on the wall of an artery § Arthralgia? § Pain in a joint or joints

§ -ectomy - Surgical removal § What is the Surgical removal of the appendix? § Appendectomy § -ostomy - Surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface § What is the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the surface of the body? § Colostomy § -otomy - Cutting or surgical incision § What’s a surgical incision into the colon? § Colotomy

§ Fissure: groove or crack- like sore of the skin. Can also be a normal fold in the contours of the brain § Fistula: abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body.

§ Ileum = last and longest portion of the small intestines (has an e like intestine) § Ilium = part of the hip bone (has an i like hip) § Mucous – specialized membranes that line the body cavities § Mucus – the fluid secreted by the mucous membranes

§ Infection – invasion of he bod by a pathogenic organism. § Signs/symptoms – malaise, chills/fever, redness, heat/swelling, exudate (drainage) § Malaise – feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, often first indication of illness § Inflammation – localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues § 1. § 2. § 3. § 4. erythema (redness hyperthermia (heat) edema (swelling) pain

§ Myc/o = fungus § Myel/o = bone marrow or spinal cord § My/o = muscle § What is a mycosis? § Abnormal condition caused by a fungus § Myelopathy? § Pathologic change or disease of the spinal cord § Myopathy? § Pathologic change or disease of the muscle

§ Laceration – torn or jagged wound or accidental cut § Lesion – pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury § -ologist – specialist § -ology – study of § What’s the difference between dermatology and a dermatologist? § How about neonatology vs a neonatologist? § Hint – neo- means new and nat means birth

§Pyel/o = part of the kidney §Py/o = pus What is pyoderma? § Pus forming bacterial infection on skin §Pyr/o fever or fire What is pyrosis? § Abnormal condition of fire (heartburn)

§ Palpation – examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency and location of certain body parts. § Palpitation – pounding or racing heart § Supination – rotating the arm so the palm is forward or upward § Suppuration – formation or discharge of pus

§ Triage – medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment § Trauma – wound or injury § Viral – pertaining to a virus § Virile – having the nature, properties or qualities of an adult male

§ Sign: objective evidence of a disease § Can be evaluated or measured by the patient or others (fever) § Symptom: Subjective evidence of a disease § Can only be evaluated by the patient (pain, nausea) § Syndrome: set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process § Disease: condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally

§ Eponym: disease, structure, operation or procedure named for the person who discovered or described it. § Alzheimer’s disease § Acronym: word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term. § LASER = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

§Acute – condition has a rapid onset, severe course, and a relatively short duration § Gastroenteritis §Chronic – condition is of long duration. These diseases can often be controlled, but rarely cured § Arthritis §Remission – temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without a cure

§Diagnosis: identification of a disease §Differential diagnosis: AKA a “rule out” is an attempt to determine which one of several diseases can be causing the signs and symptoms that are present §Prognosis: prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorder