Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate Power Point

Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate Power. Point slides for all figures and tables preinserted into Power. Point without notes. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

Introduction Joints (Articulations): • Functional junctions between bones • Bind parts of skeletal system together • Make bone growth possible • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions 2

8. 1: Types of Joints Structural Classification of Joints: • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial Functional Classification of Joints: • Synarthrotic—immovable • Amphiarthrotic—slightly movable • Diarthrotic—freely movable 3

Fibrous Joints Fibrous joints are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact • There are 3 types of fibrous joints: • Syndesmosis • Suture • Gomphosis Syndesmosis: • Bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or a bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament) • Amphiarthrotic (flexible, may twist) • Lies between tibia and fibula 4

Fibrous Joints Syndesmosis (Interosseous membrane) Sutures Gomphosis (Teeth)

Fibrous Joints Suture: • Between flat bones of skull • Thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament) connects bones • Synarthrotic (immovable) Gomphosis: • Cone-shaped bony process in a socket in jawbone • Tooth in jawbone by periodontal ligament • Synarthrotic (immovable) 6

Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints: • Synchondrosis • Symphysis Synchondrosis: • Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones • Some are temporary, such as epiphyseal plate • Between manubrium and the first rib 7

Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis: • • Pad of fibrocartilage between bones Amphiarthrotic (limited movement) Pubic symphysis Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral discs) 8

Synovial Joints: • Most joints are synovial joints • All are diarthrotic joints • Structure of s synovial joint: • Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones • Joint capsule, consists of 2 layers: - Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments - Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid 9

General Structure of Synovial Joints Synovial joints are more complex than other types of joints, and contain the following parts: • Articular cartilage • Joint capsule • Ligaments • Synovial membrane • Synovial cavity • Synovial fluid • Meniscus (-i) in some joints • Bursa (-ae) in some joints 10

Types of Synovial Joints There are 6 types of synovial joints, classified by shape and movements they allow: Ball-and-Socket Joint: • • Round head in cup-shaped cavity Widest range of motion Multiaxial, plus rotation Hip, shoulder Condylar Joint: • • Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement Biaxial movement, no rotation Joints between metacarpals & phalanges 11

Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joint: • • Almost flat, or slightly curved Back-and-forth and twisting Nonaxial movement Wrist and ankle joints Hinge Joint: • Convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone • Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane) • Elbow, joints between phalanges 12

Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint: • Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone • Uniaxial movement • Rotation only • Atlas (C 1) and dens of axis (C 2) Saddle Joint: • Both bones have concave and convex surfaces • Biaxial movement (in 2 planes) • Carpal & metacarpal of thumb 13

Types of Joint Movements • Abduction / adduction • Flexion / extension / hyperextension • Lateral flexion 14

Types of Joint Movements • • Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion Circumduction / rotation Medial rotation / lateral rotation Supination / pronation 15

Types of Joint Movements • Inversion / eversion • Protraction / retraction • Elevation / depression 16

Shoulder Joint: • Ball-and-socket • Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula • Loose joint capsule • Ligaments prevent displacement • Glenoid labrum • Several bursae • Very wide range of movement, including rotation, circumduction 17

Shoulder Joint Major ligaments of the shoulder joint: • Coracohumeral ligament • Glenohumeral ligaments • Transverse humeral ligament 18

Elbow Joint: Contains 2 articulations: • Hinge joint: - Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna - Flexion / extension only • Plane (gliding) joint: - Between capitulum of humerus and fovea on head of radius - Pronation / supination • Several reinforcing ligaments 19

Elbow Joint Major ligaments of elbow joint: • Radial collateral ligament • Ulnar collateral ligament • Anular ligament 20

Hip Joint: • Ball-and-socket joint • Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone • Acetabular labrum • Heavy joint capsule • Many reinforcing ligaments • Variety of movement, yet less than at shoulder joint 21

Hip Joint Major ligaments of the hip joint: • Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body) • Pubofemoral ligament • Ischiofemoral ligament 22

Knee Joint: • Largest & most complex joint • 3 bones: • Femur: Medial and lateral condyles of distal end • Tibia: Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end • Patella: Articulates with anterior surface of femur • Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons • Cushioned by bursae, fat pads • Menisci separate femur and tibia 23

Knee Joint Major ligaments of the knee joint: • • Patellar ligament Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibial (medial) collateral ligament • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament • Anterior cruciate ligament • Posterior cruciate ligament Knee joint characteristics: • • Modified hinge joint between condyles Flexion / extension Some rotation when knee is flexed Plane joint between femur & patella 24

Clinical Application 8. 2 Joint Disorders • Sprains: Tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation • Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress • Arthritis: Inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint - Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease - Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common type, occurs with aging - Lyme arthritis: caused by Lyme disease, passed through tick bite 25

8. 4: Lifespan Changes • Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging • Many people develop arthritis as they age • Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer 26