Chapter 01 Mobile Computing Introduction to Mobile Computing

Chapter: 01 -Mobile Computing Introduction to Mobile Computing By: Mr. Abdul Haseeb Khan

Course Basics Instructor Mr. Abdul Haseeb Khan Pre-requisite Computer Networks Text books 1. 2. Mobile Computing Principles” by , Reza B’Far Mobile Computing: Theory and Practice By: Kumkum Garg 3. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practices, 2 nd Ed. , T. S. Rappaport. 4. The Mobile Communications Handbook, J. D. Gibson

Course Evaluation q. Assignment, Quizzes &class Participation – 20% q. Mid 1 – 20% q. Mid 2 – 20 % q. Final Term – 40%

Objectives of Course What are the key mobile computing and wireless technologies and their roles What are the concepts/terms (vocabulary), building blocks and their interrelationships, Theoretical and conceptual foundations Introduce Introduction to Mobile computing and framework tools Mobile Computing and Commerce Mobility Management Basics and Evolution of Modern wireless communication Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Security Issues in Mobile Computing Java Network Programming Mobile Application & Mobile Development Frameworks Android-studio Outcomes Adequate knowledge and Able to carry research in different domains of Mobile Computing

Course Syllabus Basic Concepts in Mobile Computing and Commerce The Concept of fixed Wireless LAN and Evolution of modern wireless communication Systems Mobile Data Management Mobility Location Management Cellular systems ► AMPS, IS-95, IS-136, GSM, Wireless networks ► GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, cdma 2000, Mobile IP, WLAN and Bluetooth Emerging networks ► 3 G & 4 G, Wi. MAX, MANET, WSN OS Mobility Support, Software design for Mobile devices, e. g. , Android and i. OS platforms.

Introduction to Wireless & Mobile Computing I. III. IV. V. VIII. IX. X. Wireless Communication Evolutions of the Mobile Systems Mobile computing Mobile agents Technical issues for mobility Context-aware computing Mobile computing Devices Navel Applications Of Mobile Computing Dimensions of mobile computing Mobile Development Frameworks and Tools

Objectives Course Objectives: What are the key mobile computing and wireless technologies and their roles What are the concepts/terms (vocabulary), building blocks and their interrelationships. Theoretical and conceptual foundations

Wireless Mobile or Mobile Wireless? Wireless communication systems is type of communication system. Dimensions of mobility: The set of properties that distinguishes the mobile computing system from stationary computing system

Wireless & Cellular Communication Transmitting voice, data, video and other services data using electromagnetic waves in open space (atmosphere). Cellular communication: Wireless communication using unguided media, that is, radio and microwave frequencies or satellites, has found widespread use in mobile phones.

Mobile Network Architecture

Wireless characteristics Variant Connectivity Low bandwidth and reliability Frequent disconnections • predictable or sudden Asymmetric Communication Broadcast medium Monetarily expensive Charges per connection or per message/packet Ø Connectivity is weak, intermittent and expensive

Portable Information Devices PDAs, Personal Communicators Light, small and durable to be easily carried around dumb terminals, palmtops, wristwatch PC/Phone, will run on AA+ /Ni-Cd/Li-Ion batteries may be diskless I/O devices: Mouse is out, Pen is in Wireless connection to information networks either infrared or cellular phone Specialized Hardware (for compression/encryption)

Portability Characteristics Battery power restrictions transmit/receive, disk spinning, display, CPUs, memory consume power Battery lifetime will see very small increase need energy efficient hardware (CPUs, memory) and system software planned disconnections - doze mode Ø Power consumption vs. resource utilization

Portability Characteristics Cont. Resource constraints Mobile computers are resource poor Reduce program size – interpret script languages (Mobile Java? ) Computation and communication load cannot be distributed equally Small screen sizes ØAsymmetry between static and mobile computers

Mobility Characteristics Location changes • location management - cost to locate is added to communication Heterogeneity in services bandwidth restrictions and variability Dynamic replication of data • data and services follow users Querying data - location-based responses Security and authentication Ø System configuration is no longer static

What Needs to be Reexamined? Operating systems - Tiny. OS File systems - CODA Data-based systems – Tiny. DB Communication architecture and protocols Hardware and architecture Real-Time, multimedia, Qo. S Security Application requirements and design PDA design: Interfaces, Languages

Mobility Constraints CPU Power Variable Bandwidth Delay tolerance, but unreliable Physical size Constraints on peripherals and GUIs Frequent Location changes Security Heterogeneity Expensive Frequent disconnections but predictable

Types of Wireless Communication Celullar Radio service Wireless computer network

Wireless Telecommunications Networks WWAN communication bandwidths 1 G The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based 2 G The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates voice and text 2. 5 G An interim wireless technology that can accommodate voice, text, and limited graphics

Wireless Telecommunications Networks 3 G The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video 3. 5 G This generation was inserted into the ranks of cell phone generations; it refers to the packet-switched technologies used to achieve higher transmission speeds 4 G The expected next generation of wireless technology that will provide faster display of multimedia

Wireless Telecommunications Networks WWAN communication protocols Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) WWAN network systems Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) An open, nonproprietary standard for mobile voice and data communications

Introduction Mobile computing Introduction: Mobile computing is computing that allows continuous access to remote resources, even to small computing devices such as laptops, palmtops and other handheld devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs) and digital cell phones. Goal of Mobile Computing: “People and their machines should be able to access information and communicate with each other easily and securely, in any medium or combination of media – voice, data, image, video, or multimedia – any time, anywhere, in a timely, cost-effective way. ”

Mobile computing Issues Basic issues of concern in physical mobility Weak connectivity Wireless connectivity Ubiquitous computing Mobile systems Technical issues for mobility Security infrastructure Reliability Naming and locating

Mobile computing Mobility of physical devices can be viewed at three different levels. Macro-mobility: This is mobility through a global network. While moving in such a network, it should be possible to communicate without breaking the existing access. mobile IP, which is the protocol that takes care of macro-mobility. Micro-mobility: This is mobility of a device in one single administrative domain of the global network. For cellular networks, this is the lowest level of mobility. Cellular IP is the protocol designed to take care of micro -mobility. Ad hoc mobility: This is mobility within a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), caused by device mobility constantly changing the network topology.

Mobile agents A mobile agent is a program that can move through a network and autonomously execute tasks on behalf of the users. Mobile agents are used to great advantage in applications like e-commerce, software distribution, information retrieval, system administration, network management, etc.

Context-aware computing A context-aware computing system is one which has user, device and application interfaces which enable it to remain aware of various parameters like its surroundings, circumstances or actions. The context of a mobile device represents the circumstances, situations, applications or physical environment under which it is being used. For example, the context is student when the device is used to download faculty lectures. Context-aware computing leads to application-aware computing and pervasive or ubiquitous computing.

Context-aware computing The five types of context-aware: Physical context- The context can be that of the physical environment. Computing context- Computing context is defined by interrelationships and conditions of the network connectivity protocol in use User context- The user context is defined as user location, user profiles, and persons near the user. Temporal context defines the interrelation between time and the occurrence of an event or action. Structural context- It defines a sequence and structure formed by the elements or records.

Mobile computing Devices Personal digital assistant/enterprise digital assistant Smartphone Tablet computer Ultra-Mobile PC Wearable computer

Mobile computing Limitations Range & Bandwidth: Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, Security standards: When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks. Power consumption: rely entirely on battery power Transmission interferences: Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Potential health hazards: more likely to be involved in traffic accidents. Human interface with device: Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use.

Nomadic, Mobile & Ubiquitous No Network Fixed Wireless Network (A) Wireless Network (B) Nomadic Mobile Computing Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere.

What is Pervasive Computing? Pervasive computing is a term for the strongly emerging trend toward: Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible computing devices Frequently mobile or embedded in the environment Connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network structure.

Impressive Wireless Infrastructure! Global Satellite Suburban Urban In-Building Macro-Cell Micro-Cell Pico-Cell dik © In-Room (Blue. Tooth)

Mobile Applications Expected to create an entire new class of Applications new massive markets in conjunction with the Web Mobile Information Appliances - combining personal computing and consumer electronics Applications: Vertical: vehicle dispatching, tracking, point of sale Horizontal: mail enabled applications, filtered information provision, collaborative computing…

General examples Of Mobile Computing Applications Vehicles Emergencies Traveling Salesman Entertainment Education Location Dependent Services etc.

Dimensions of mobile computing Location Awareness Network Connectivity Quality of Service Limited device capabilities Limited power supply Support for a wide variety of UI Platform proliferation Active transaction

Mobile Development Frameworks and Tools Ü Fully Centralized Have custom-designed clients Embedded in nature Designed to do only one thing Examples: Call centers, Battlefield systems, Grocery store Ü N-Tier Client-Server Any Number of Tiers – No Limits 3 -Tier: Client (User Agent), Application Server, Database Problems: Code portability, Mobility Needs: Layer of Software, Performance and system requirements

Client-server architecture

The N-Tier application (cont'd) 3 -tier application

The N-Tier application (cont'd) Multi-tier application

Selection of the Frameworks and Tools Thin-Client Wireless Client-Server ÜBrowser that loads markup code (Web-model) ÜEach platform have homogenous browser specification in a client -server environment ÜNo concern about environment ÜServer-side structure ÜWAP and WML are used Stand-alone Applications They do not need networking components Needs of synchronization with some periodically external system

Selection of the Frameworks and Tools Thick-Client Wireless Client-Server Ü In the client side, there's a custom application that communicate with the server Ü Using the client as a means of storing data for the offline business logic performs Ü Does not need to be centralized Ü Having thick clients is more difficult Ü The platforms : Provide by OS or a VM's, ex: J 2 ME Hardware manufacture, ex: Qualcomm Brew

Selection of the Frameworks and Tools ÜRestricted resources: (Screen, Keyboard) ÜDeployment and provision problem Operating system or virtual machine Programming environment Examples: Operating system (Windows CE, Symbian) Virtual Machine J 2 ME android-studio

Summary • Mobile applications is a tremendous area of growth • Business drivers such as M-Business are significant • Mobile computing platforms have to handle special cases: • Slow line speeds (19. 2 Kbps) • Congestions are usual • More error prone • Different types of wireless networks • � Cellular • � Wireless LANs • � Satellites • Many emerging areas: sensor networks, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Free Space Optics • Many issues in Architectures, security and management • Standards work is also progressing in many areas