Chapter 01 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 01 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

1. 2: Anatomy & Physiology l l Anatomy - study of structure Physiology - study of function Structure determines function

1. 3: Levels of Organization l Subatomic particles – proton, neutron, electron l Atom – Smallest unit of matter l Molecule – Bonded atoms – water, glucose, ATP l Macromolecule – Group of molecules – carbohydrate, lipid

1. 3: Levels of Organization l Organelle – Structures which perform certain functions within cell l Cell – Basic unit of structure and function in an organism l Tissue – Group of cells which performs a certain function

1. 3: Levels of Organization l Organ – Group of tissues which perform a certain function l Organ System - Group of organs which perform a certain function l Organism – Interacting organ systems

1. 4: Characteristics of Life (10) l Movement – change in postion; motion l Responsiveness – reaction to a change l Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape l Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells l Respiration – using oxygen to release energy from food sources

Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions All of these processes involve metabolism - physical and chemical changes of an organism

1. 5: Maintenance of Life l Water: - most abundant chemical in body - needed for metabolism and transport of substances - regulates body temperature l Food: - supplies energy - supplies raw materials for chemical reactions - provides necessary nutrients

1. 5: Maintenance of Life l Oxygen: - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients l Heat: - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions l Pressure: - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Homeostatic Mechanisms l Homeostasis maintenance of a stable internal environment l Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: • Receptor - provides information about the stimuli • Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) • Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Homeostatic Mechanisms There are two (2) types: • Negative feedback mechanisms • Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: l Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body l l Corrects the set point System moves outside of set range and control center causes movement in opposite direction back to set point Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: l Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body l Short-lived for temporary situation l Do not require continuous adjustments l Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback

Sample Test Question How is oxygen used by living organisms? A. It controls the amount of heat produced. B. It is a source of energy. C. It is part of water and is necessary to keep organisms hydrated. D. It is used to release energy that is stored in food.

1. 6: Organization of the Human Body 19

Body Cavities

Smaller Head Cavities l l l Middle Ear Cavity - middle ear bones Nasal Cavity Orbital Cavity - eye Oral Cavity - mouth Sinuses

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Serous membranes are thin and secrete a thin, watery fluid • Visceral layer – covers an organ • Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal peritoneum • Parietal pleura • Visceral peritoneum • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium 26

l l l Pleural Membranes - (lungs) 1. visceral pleura - covers lung surface 2. parietal pleura - lines cavity lungs are in Pericardial Membranes - (heart) 1. visceral pericardium (epicardium)- covers surface of heart 2. parietal pericardium - lines cavity heart is in Peritoneal membranes - (abdominal) 1. visceral peritoneum - surface of abd. org. 2. parietal peritoneum - lines abd. cavity

Serous Membranes Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of section Vertebra Mediastinum Azygos v. Left lung Esophagus Right lung Rib Right atrium of heart Left ventricle of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Sternum Left kidney Aorta Parietal pleura Right kidney Anterior Inferior vena cava Pancreas Spleen Small intestine Large intestine Rib Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Costal cartilage Visceral peritoneum Stomach Pericardial cavity Peritoneal cavity Parietal pericardium Parietal peritoneum Anterior Fibrous pericardium 28

Organ Systems

1. 8: Anatomical Terminology standing erect l facing forward l arms at sides l palms forward l

Terms of Relative Position l Superior – above l Inferior – below l Anterior or ventral - toward the front l Posterior or dorsal - toward the back l Medial - toward the midline – divide into right and left l Lateral - to the sides of medial

l Ipsilateral - same side l Contralateral - opposite sides l Proximal - close to point of attachment l Distal - farther from point of attachment l Superficial - close to body surface l Deep - more internal

Body Sections or Planes l Sagittal - divides into left and right midsagittal or median - down midline to divide into equal right and left halves l Transverse or Horizontal – divides into superior and inferior l Coronal or Frontal – divides into front and back

Other Body Sections L o n g i t u d i n a l on Cross-section q bli ue ti sec O s e c t i o n (a) (b) (c) 36

Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Hypogastric Left iliac region Make sure you know these regions. Right upper Left upper quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) 37

Body Regions l Know terms (abdominal - vertebral) on pages 30 -32.

Body Regions Know terms (abdominal – vertebral) on pages 31 and 32. Cephalic (head) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Occipital (back of head) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Sacral (between hips) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Popliteal (back of knee) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (b) 39