Chap 6 continued Chap 7 Assimilation Efficiency A

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Chap 6 continued Chap 7

Chap 6 continued Chap 7

Assimilation Efficiency • A = Eassimilated / Etotal

Assimilation Efficiency • A = Eassimilated / Etotal

GD Goodman-Lowe, JR Carpente, S. Atkinson (1999) Assimilation efficiency of prey in the Hawaiian

GD Goodman-Lowe, JR Carpente, S. Atkinson (1999) Assimilation efficiency of prey in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) Can. J. Zool. 77: 653– 660 Variability due to differences in diet (quality) within a species

Rumen e Omasum m su ma Abo Reticulum

Rumen e Omasum m su ma Abo Reticulum

Rumen • Bacterial fermentation of cellulose

Rumen • Bacterial fermentation of cellulose

Reticulum • Compression and regurgitation of plant material

Reticulum • Compression and regurgitation of plant material

Omasum • Water re-absorption and further filtering

Omasum • Water re-absorption and further filtering

Abomasum • Digestive fluids added to chyme

Abomasum • Digestive fluids added to chyme

Rabbits Non-cecal pellet cecal

Rabbits Non-cecal pellet cecal

So, with all these adaptations… • Are cows any good at assimilating energy from

So, with all these adaptations… • Are cows any good at assimilating energy from food? • “A” for several species – Elephant – 1. 5% – Cow – 11% – Pig – 13% – Grasshopper – 37% – Tent catepillar – 57%

Applied Efficiencies or carn herb autotroph

Applied Efficiencies or carn herb autotroph

Land needed to feed cow / mo: range = 12. 3 acres productive area

Land needed to feed cow / mo: range = 12. 3 acres productive area = 1 Water needed for beef = 2500 gal/lb No. of animal species threatened with extinction on rangelands = 90 Excrement by total US human population: 12, 000 lb/sec Excrement by US livestock: 250, 000 lb/sec (including 25 pounds of manure per cow per day) Big impact by eating lower on the food chain

Chap 7 • Concentrate: – Introduction – Carbon – Water – Nitrogen – Microbes

Chap 7 • Concentrate: – Introduction – Carbon – Water – Nitrogen – Microbes

Figure 7. 2

Figure 7. 2

Figure 7. 4

Figure 7. 4

Figure 7. 5

Figure 7. 5

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