Chap 4 Epidemiology Prevention and Control of Disease

Chap 4: Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Disease and Health Conditions • Anita Sego • Spring, 2005

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chapter Objectives • Explain the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases and between acute and chronic diseases. • Describe and explain communicable and multicausation disease models. • Explain why noncommunicable diseases are a community health concern and provide some examples of communicable and provide some examples of important noncommunicable diseases

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chapter Objectives • Explain how communicable diseases are transmitted in a community using the “chain of infection” model and use a specific communicable disease to illustrate your explanation. • Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chapter Objectives • List and explain the various criteria that communities might use in order to prioritize their health problems in preparation for the allocation of prevention and control resources • List and discuss the measures for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases in a community.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chapter Objectives • List and discuss approaches to noncommunicable disease control in a community. • Define and explain the purpose and importance of health screenings. • Outline a chronic, noncommunicable disease control program that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention components.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Classification of Diseases & Health Problems • 4 Classification Schemes • Organ or Organ System – i. e. , heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory infection • Causative Agent – Biological Agents – Chemical Agents – Physical Agents

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Causative Agents for Diseases & Injuries Biological Agents Viruses Rickettsiae Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Metazoa Chemical Agents Pesticides Food additives Pharmacologics Industrial chemicals Air pollutants Cigarette smoke Physical Agents Heat Light Radiation Noise Vibration Speeding objects

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Classification of Diseases & Health Problems • Organ or Organ System – i. e. , heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory infection • Causative Agent – Biological Agents – Chemical Agents – Physical Agents • Communicable vs Non communicable • Acute vs Chronic – Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or longer than 3 months (chronic)

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Types of Diseases Examples Acute Diseases Communicable Common cold, pneumonia, mumps, measles, pertussis, typhoid fever, cholera Noncommunicable Appendicitis, poisoning, trauma Chronic Diseases Communicable Noncommunicable Tuberculosis, AIDS, Lyme disease, syphilis, rheumatic fever Diabetes, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liver

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Ep ide gle ian mi ol Tr og ic Communicable Disease Model

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Model Agent - the element that must be present in order for the diseases to occur.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Model Host - any susceptible organism invaded by an infectious agent Agent

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Model Host Agent Environment - all other factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission.

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible hose

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen - is the disease causing agent

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir • is the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives & grows • Human: symptomatic or asymptomatic • Animal: called zoonoses • Environmental: plants, soil, and water

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit • is the path by which an agent leaves the source host

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Modes of Transmission Direct - Direct contact - Droplet spread Indirect - Airborne - Vehicleborne - Vectorborne Transmission - how pathogens are passed

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry - agent enters susceptible host Respiratory Oral Skin Intravenous Gastrointestinal

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry New Host - Final link is a susceptible host

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Noncommunicable Disease Model Your genetic endowment

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Noncommunicable Disease Model fs lie Be ty i l a n o s r Pe Your genetic endowment Behavioral choices

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Air Pollution Wa ter Qu alit y Your genetic endowment Behavioral choices are h. C alt m He yst e S ty i l a n o s r Pe fs lie Be Econ omic s Noncommunicable Disease Model Environment

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Prioritizing Prevention & Control Efforts • Leading Causes of Death • Years of Potential Life Lost • Economic Cost to Society

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts • Leading Causes of Death • Years of Potential Life Lost • Economic Cost to Society

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases • Prevention – primary – secondary – tertiary • Intervention – which is defined as taking of action during an event • Control – general term used in the containment of disease • Eradication – total elimination of the disease

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Levels of Prevention • Primary Prevention – is the forestalling of the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period (before the disease process begins) • Secondary Prevention – is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe • Tertiary Prevention – is to retrain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the patient who has already incurred disability

Chap 4: Prevention and Control Chapter 4 Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions