Chap 11 Social Ecology and Ecofeminism Ayo Ayo

Chap. 11 社會生態學與生態女性主義 Social Ecology and Eco-feminism 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 Ayo NUTN website: http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/

課程大綱 u. Part I 基本概念 u. Part II 環境倫理學與應用倫理學 u. Part III 環境倫理學的理論 n n n 7 生命中心倫理 (Biocentric ethics) 8 荒野 (wilderness)、生態學與倫理學 9 土地倫理(The Land Ethic) 10 深層生態學(Deep Ecology) 11 社會生態學 與 生態女性主義 (Ecofeminism) 12 可持續力(sustainability) Ayo NUTN website 生態中心倫理 Ecocentric ethics 2

Chap. 11 Social Ecology and Eco -feminism 1) Social justice (社會正義) 2) Murray Bookchin’s Social Ecology 3) 生態女性主義 (Eco-feminism) Ayo NUTN website 3

1) 社會正義 (Social Justice) u Aristotle, justice(正義) requires treating equally (平等) unless they have differences that would justify unequal treatment. u Utilitarian justice (實利正義) n n n maximizing the overall satisfaction of individual interests, and maximizing the overall good to whole society, including the future generation and animals. (個體、社會、未來世代和其他動物的利益滿足) Peter Singer’s defense of animal welfare (動物福利) illustrates another application of utilitarian justice. Many philosophers 反對。因為追求集體的最大幸福，而可能 會犧牲個人的利益。Justice requires that individuals (個體 ) not be treated as mere means to the end of producing beneficial social outcomes. Ayo NUTN website 4

John Rawls’s theory Two fundamental principles of justice(正義) 1. Each individual is to have equal rights to the most extensive system of liberties. 2. Social and economic benefits(利益) and burdens(責任) should be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution would benefit the least advantaged members of society. Ayo NUTN website 5

Property rights (資產權) u The right of private property (私人資產權利) lies at the heart of social justice (社會正義), and if environmental initiatives violate that right, they are unjust. u Johan Locke’s argument, unowned land(無主土地 ) 1. People have exclusive rights over- that is, they “own” – their bodies and their labor. 2. Land, in its natural state, is unowned; 3. When someone’s labor, which is owned, comes to be “mixed” with land that is unowned, that person’s exclusive rights over his or her labor are transferred to the land. The person comes to own the land. Ayo NUTN website 6

Environmental Justice (環境正義) u Environmental justice investigates the social distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. u A society that distributes these benefits and burdens unequally is prima facie unjust. u Racial Justice (種族正義) n n If you are a person of color, you are much more likely to live in an area where toxic dumps, landfills, incinerators, and polluting industries are or will be located. Poor countries are more likely to suffer environmental degradation– deforestation, desertification, and air and water pollution– than wealthy countries. Ayo NUTN website 8

§ 地球的生命力量 Ayo NUTN website （Gaia 假說） 15

http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/