Chap 10 The processes of Evolution Life Science

Chap. 10 The processes of Evolution 鄭先祐 製作 Life Science 2010 Life Scinece 2010

演化的相關因素 • • • (1) mutation (2) immigration (移入) and emigration(遷出) (3) Natural selection (4) reproductive isolation (阻斷gene flow) (5) genetic drift (基因漂移) Life Scinece 2010 4

Modes of Natural selection • Three kinds of selection (Fig. 10. 7) – Stabilizing selection – directional selection – disruptive selection • 範例 (Fig. 10. 8) peppered moth Life Scinece 2010 5

Fig. 10. 7 Three kinds of selection (a) stabilizing selection (b) directional selection (c) Disruptive selection Life Scinece 2010 6

Fig. 10. 7 Three kinds of selection (a) stabilizing selection (b) directional selection (c) disruptive selection Life Scinece 2010 7

Fig. 10. 8 Two forms of Biston betularia, the peppered moth. Life Scinece 2010 8

Fig. 10 The bottleneck effect. (瓶頸效應) Life Scinece 2010 11

Essay 10. 1 sexual dimorphism • • Sexual dimorphism sexual selection 深海魚，雄性退化成只有產生精子的功能。 孔雀的雄性，擁有很誇張的羽毛。 Life Scinece 2010 12

演化論 • Neo-Darwinism ： Natural Selection + Rep. Isolation • Neutralism： neutral mutation + genetic drifts • Larmarck theory • Entropy • 創造論 Life Scinece 2010 13

Gradualism Life Scinece 2010 14

Punctuated equilibrium Life Scinece 2010 長頸鹿 15

Artificial selection (人擇) Fig. 10. 26 Life Scinece 2010 16

Fig. 10. 25 Life Scinece 2010 17

Essay 10. 3 滅絕與我們 • Extinction (滅絕)，指的是某種生物永遠 的從地球上消失了。 – Background extinction – great mass extinction • 過去曾經有發生過五次的大滅絕。 – (1) 寒武紀(Cambrian)末 500 mya – (2) 奧陶紀(Ordovician)末 425 mya – (3) 泥盆紀(Devonian)末 345 mya – (4) 二疊紀(Permian)末 225 mya – (5) 白堊紀(Cretaceous)末 65 mya Life Scinece 2010 18

v 問題與討論！ japalura@hotmail. com Ayo NUTN website: http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/ Life Scinece 2010 23