Changes that occurred in the west before whites

Changes that occurred in the west before whites arrived 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Ft. Laramie & Ft. Atkinson treaties and Federal Governments attempt to handle the Native Americans 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Great Sioux Reservation 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Buffalo Soldiers 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Indian Wars 9 Your Initials Pg. 594 -598

ID: Series of savage clashes between Whites and Native Americans between 1860 -1890 Significance: • Brought on by migration of settlers to the west • Battled to avenge massacres of Indians by whites • Looked to punish whites for breaking treaties • Defending their land from white invaders • Preserve way of life

Sitting Bull 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Chief Joseph 9 Your Initials Pg.

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How the buffalo was the staff of life for Native Americans 9 Your Initials Pg.

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George Custer; Battle of Little Bighorn 9 Your Initials Pg. 597 - 598

ID: Colonel of Seventh Cavalry, set out to suppress the Indians and return them to the reservation; attacked a superior Native force along the Little Bighorn River and were wiped out in by the Sioux led by Sitting Bull in 1876 Significance: • Custer was supposed to be leading a “scientific” expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota • Announced he had discovered gold • Major Native American victory • U. S. Army relentlessly hunts down the Indians who has humiliated Custer

Helen Hunt Jackson 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Debate over Indian Policy 9 Your Initials Pg. 602 -603

ID: National conscience stirs uneasily over the plight of the Native Americans; two proposals on the Indian Problem – Assimilate or Exterminate Significance: • Stirred in part by A Century of Dishonor • Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and persuade them to adopt the white man’s ways • Hard-liners insisted on current policy of forced containment and brutal punishment • Neither side shows much respect for Native American Culture – Even humanitarians were strict and at times cruel to Indians

Ghost Dance Movement 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Wounded Knee 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 & results 9 Your Initials Pg. 603

ID: Act dissolves many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres Significance: • Reflected the forced-civilization views of reformers • If Indians behaved like “good white settlers” they would get title to land citizenship in 25 years • Reservation land not allotted to the Indians was to be sold to railroads and white settlers – – – • Strikes directly at tribal organization – • Proceeds to be used to help education Indians Government does not follow through Lost nearly 50% of land Tries to make rugged individualists out of the Indians Doctrine remains cornerstone of Indian policy for nearly 50 years

Fifty-niners 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Outcomes of amassing the precious metals 9 Your Initials Pg. 604 - 605

ID: Gold and silver rushes bring rapid expansion west Significance: • Creation of “Helldorados” • After easily mined materials are recovered, mining becomes big business • Plays vital role in subduing the continent – • • • Attracted first substantial white population and wealth to the west Helps finance the Civil War Facilitates the building of the railroads Intensifies conflicts with Native Americans Allows government to resume specie payments Injects silver into the American politics

Long Drive Its purpose, problems and demise 9 Your Initials Pg. 605 -606

ID: Texas cowboys driving herds numbering from 1, 000 to 10, 000 head of cattle slowly over the unfenced and unpeopled plains to railroad terminals Significance: • Cowboys of all races • Growth of “cowtowns” like Dodge City • Profitable if you can survive journey – • Demise brought on by – – – • Indians, stampeded, cattle fever and other hazards Railroads – brings more settlers west, taking land Barbed Wire – could not drive over open plains Mother Nature – terrible winter in 1886 -1887 Creation of cattle raising as a business

Barbed Wire 9 Your Initials Pg.

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The Homestead Act (1862) 9 Your Initials Pg. 606 - 607

ID: Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it and paying a nominal fee ($30) Significance: • Land given away to encourage and promote frontier settlement • Provide a stimulus to the family farm • Godsend to host of farmers who could not afford land – • 500, 000 take advantage, over 5 x buy land from railroads Difficulties – 160 acres was inadequate on the Great Plains • • 2 out of 3 give up due to drought conditions Fraud spawned by it and other laws – – Land in hand of speculators and promoters than farmers Corporations use “dummy” homesteaders to grab best property

Sodbusters 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Oklahoma Sooners 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Closing of the frontier 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Safety Valve Theory 9 Your Initials Pg. 611

ID: Theory that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered pavements merely moved west, took up farming and prospered Significance: • Relatively few city dwellers at least in the populous eastern centers, migrated to the frontier during depressions • Most of them did not know how to farm – • Few of them could raise enough money to transport themselves west and then pay for livestock and machinery Does have some validity – – – Free acreage did lure to the West a host of immigrant farmers who otherwise might have remained in the eastern cities to clog the job markets and to crowd the festering and already overpopulated slums Possibility of westward migration may have induced urban employers to maintain wage rate high enough to discourage workers from leaving Western cities (Chicago, Denver, San Francisco) became places of opportunity for failed farmers and easterners alike

Frederick Jackson Turner 9 Your Initials Pg.

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Influence of combine and mechanization of agriculture 9 Your Initials Pg.

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The Farmers Vicious Cycle 9 Your Initials Pg. 613

ID: 1) Farmers go into debt to buy new machinery; 2) Causes them to produce more; 3) Drives prices lower; 4) Resulting in farmers wanting to produce more; 5) Driving prices lower; 6) Drives farmers deeper into debt Significance: • Farmers had to become better business men • Had to sell products at highly competitive prices on a world market • Farmers debts result in numerous foreclosures • Mortgages owned by eastern banks are blamed • Farm tenancy rather than farm ownership was spreading

Way that nature, government, corporations, and railroads work against the farmers 9 Your Initials Pg.

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The Grange: Goals and political influence 9 Your Initials Pg. 615

ID: The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, organized in 1867, led by Oliver H. Kelly Significance: • First objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities • Spread like old time prairie fire claming 800, 000 members in Midwest and South. • Gradually raised their goals from individual selfimprovement to improvement of the farmers collective plight • Established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and producers • Go into politics and enjoy success in Midwest

The People’s Party 9 Your Initials Pg. 616

ID: New political party formed out of the Farmers’ Alliance, known as Populists Significance: • Frustrated farmers attacked the trusts • Called for – – nationalization of railroads, telephone, and telegraph Instituting a graduated income tax Created a new federal sub-treasury to proved farmers with loans for crops stored in governmentowned warehouses Free and unlimited coinage of silver

Coxey’s Army 9 Your Initials Pg. 617

ID: March of dozens led by “General” Jacob S. Coxey, a wealthy Ohio quarry owner, demanding that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by $500 Million in legal tender notes be issued by the Treasury. Significance: • Symbol of the populists argument that farmers and laborers were being victimized by an economic and political system • Coxey’s army shows up in Washington and are arrested for walking on the grass.

The Pullman Strike (1894) 9 Your Initials Pg. 617 - 618

ID: Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages to employees with no change in rent for company owned housing Significance: • Strike paralyzes railway traffic • A F of L declined to support the strike – • • • Enhances their reputation for “respectability” Federal troops are sent into Illinois on ground that the strikers were interfering with transit of U. S. Mail and troops crushed the strike First time that government used a federal court injunction is used to break the strike Defiant workers were held in prison for contempt of court Employers begin striving to smash unions by court actions Many see this as evidence of unholy alliance between business and courts.