Changes of the Gilded Age During the Gilded
- Slides: 43
Changes of the Gilded Age ■ During the Gilded Age (1870 -1900), the U. S. industrialized rapidly: –New technology led to a boom in railroads, oil, steel, electricity –Trusts, corporate mergers, & new business leaders led to monopolies –Mass immigration from Southern & Eastern Europe increased the size of American cities ■ But, problems during the Gilded Age led to demands for change
Group Activity: Gilded Age Theme Analysis ■ Students will examine a series of three primary sources from the Gilded Age: –For each image, provide a one sentence summary of the image –Once all three images are revealed, determine how the images are related —What’s theme?
Theme #1: Image A
Theme #1—Image B
Theme #1: Image C
Theme #1—Political Corruption ■ The Gilded Age saw the rise of political machines—well-organized groups that controlled a political party in a city –Machines offered services to voters & businesses in exchange for political votes –Were very influential with immigrants; Helped with jobs, housing, & naturalization
Theme #1—Political Corruption ■ Machines were led by city bosses who used a network of ward bosses & precinct captains to: –Control access to city jobs, business licenses, courts –Arrange building projects & community services
Political machines influenced immigrant voters by creating parks near slums, barbeques, giving away Christmas presents to children
Theme #1—Political Corruption ■ Machine politicians were often corrupt: –Use fraud to win elections –Graft—Using their political influence for personal gain –Took kickbacks & bribes ■ The most notorious machine boss was Boss Tweed of New York’s Tammany Hall who defrauded the city of millions of dollars
Boss Tweed “Tweed Courthouse”—NY County Courthouse was supposed to cost $250, 000 but cost $13 million.
Theme #1—Political Corruption ■ National politicians, especially under President Grant’s administration, were seen as corrupt as well: –Crédit Mobilier involved attempts by railroad companies to bribe members of the Republican Party to gain lands grants for profit –Whiskey Ring involved gov’t whiskey distillers bribing gov’t officials to avoid paying taxes
Theme #1—Political Corruption ■ During the Gilded Age, attempts were made to reform government: –Many gov’t positions, such as tax collectors or post office officials, were appointed by patronage— a reward for political loyalty –Calls for civil service (government administration) reform began – In 1883, Congress passed the Pendleton Act, Act creating merit-based exams for most civil service jobs
Theme #2—Image A
Theme #2—Image B
Theme #2—Image C
Theme #2: Labor Unions ■ Industrial work was hard: – 12 hour days, 6 days per week –Received low wages; No sick leave or injury compensation –Industrial work was unskilled, dangerous, & monotonous ■ These bad conditions led to the growth of labor unions—groups that demanded better pay & conditions through collective bargaining
Theme #2: Labor Unions ■ In 1868, the Knights of Labor formed to help all workers, regardless of race, gender, or skill ■ The most successful union was the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers: –Made up only of skilled workers –Used collective bargaining & strikes to gain better pay, shorter hours, & better work conditions –Included 1/3 of all U. S. laborers
Theme #2: Labor Unions ■ Some people turned to socialism: government control of business and property, equal distribution of wealth –Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, called the “Wobblies”) formed in 1905 –Socialism seemed appealing to some Americans, but never became a major option for workers ■ By 1900, only 4% of all workers were unionized
■ Essential Question: Question –How did workers & the U. S. government respond to the rapid changes of industrialization during the Gilded Age? ■ Warm-Up Question:
Theme #3—Image A
Theme #3—Image B
Theme #3—Image C
Theme #3: Strikes & Labor Unrest ■ One of the tactics used by unions to gain better pay was to strike: –Strikes were designed to stop production in order to gain pay –Business leaders resisted strikes by hiring replacement workers or private police to break up strikes –In some cases, violence broke out
Theme #3: Strikes & Labor Unrest During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8 -hr day; When violence broke out, public opinion turned against unions, viewing them as violent & “un-American”
Theme #3: Strikes & Labor Unrest Violence erupted during the Homestead Strike (1892) at one of Carnegie’s Steelworkers did notsteel formplants; a Federal troopsnew were called union forto 45 re-open years the place with replacement workers
Theme #3: Strikes & Labor Unrest In 1894, President Eugene Cleveland Debs led sentrailroad the army workers to onend a national the strike; strike Strikers wheninthe 27 Pullman states Palace resisted Car. U. S. Company troopscut & dozens wages by died 50%
Theme #4—Image A
Theme #4—Image B
Theme #4—Image C
Theme #4—Populism ■ In the 1870 s & 1880 s, western farmers faced serious problems: –Prices for their crops were falling due to over-production of grains –Banks were charging high interest rates on mortgages & were foreclosing on debtors –Railroads charged high rates for shipping & storing their crops
Price Index for Consumer & Farm Goods
Theme #4—Populism ■ Government policies hurt farmers: –The gov’t reduced the paper money (greenbacks) & relied on gold-backed currency –This led to deflation making it harder for farmers to pay off debts –When westerners appealed to their politicians, nothing was done
Theme #4—Populism ■ Farmers attempted to organize & fight back through groups like the Grangers & the Farmers’ Alliance: Alliance –These groups attacked abusive banks & railroad companies –They called on farmers to form their own co-op stores, banks, & storage silos to avoid exploitation –Both groups failed to gain improvements for farmers
Granger Meeting
Theme #4—Populism ■ In 1890, the Populist Party was formed & demand reforms: –Government regulation of railroads in order to lower rates –A national income tax to take the burden of taxation off farmers –Direct-election of Senators to make politicians more responsive –Bimetalism: Using gold & silver to inflate the money supply
Bi-Metalism
From 1890 to 1896, the Populist Party …the state gov’ts of Idaho, Nevada, Kansas, The Rise of the Populist Party rd as an influential 3 party began &emerged North Dakota were dominated by& Populists to challenge the Democrats & Republicans During this time, 3 governors, congressmen, & 5 senators In 101892, Populist James Weaverwere elected as Populist candidates… made a run at the presidency
William Jennings Bryan & the Election of 1896 ■ In the 1896 presidential election, William Jennings Bryan embraced Populist ideas & was nominated by the Democrat & Populist Parties: –Bryan made bimetallism the issue of the campaign as a result of his “Cross of Gold” speech –Republican William Mc. Kinley argued for the gold standard
Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” Speech
Bimetallism: A recipe for prosperity or lunacy? OR?
Mc. Kinley’s defeat of Bryan in the Election of. Populist 1896 Party… election The of 1896 killed the …but key Populist ideas such as the income tax, direct election of Senators, & regulation of railroads will be enacted by the Progressives from 1890 to 1920
What does each character represent? “Emerald City”? “Oz”? The. Allegory—The Good Witch of the North? Populist Wizard of Oz What about the “Yellowbrick Road” The Witch of the East? The Wizard? and. Bad the “Ruby Slippers”?
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