Changes in Land Ownership Plantation in Ireland 13

Changes in Land Ownership: Plantation in Ireland 13 Plantations in Ireland WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand. . . • How English rule in Ireland developed in the 16 th century. • The role of the plantations in extending English rule. • The Laois-Offaly Plantation. • The Munster Plantation. • A Special Study of the Ulster Plantation. • The Cromwellian Plantation. • The results of the plantations. Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

Ireland in 1500 • The Pale GAELIC LORDS • The Anglo-Irish lordships ANGLOIRISH LORDS Mac. Donnell THE PALE O’Donnell O’Neill Maguire • The Gaelic Irish lordships Burke O’Rourke O’Malley O’Connor Differences between Gaelic Brehon law and English common law Brehon law: GALWAY O’Brien English common law: The chief (or taoiseach) was elected from the derbhfine (or royal family). The new lord was the eldest son. The land was owned by the clan or tribe. The land was owned by the lord. Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland O’Flaherty O’Reilly O’Farrell THE O’Dempsey PALE O’More O’Carroll DUBLIN KILDARE O’Toole Ormond Fitzgerald LIMERICK Mac. Carthy Mór O’Sullivan Mór Mac. Mahon Butler O’Byrne Mac. Murrough (Kavanagh) Desmond WEXFORD Roche Power WATERFORD Barry CORK

Tudor efforts to conquer Ireland To protect England To introduce religious changes Methods Military conquest Reasons Surrender and Regrant Superior English culture Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland A new policy: Plantations

The Plantation Timeline of the Plantations 1556 1586 1609 1652 Plantation of Laois-Offaly Plantation of Munster Plantation of Ulster Cromwellian Plantation Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Laois-Offaly Impose English law To protect the Pale Reasons/ Aims To control native Irish population Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Laois-Offaly The Plantation in Action • Counties – Queen’s County – King’s County • Sheriff in control • County towns – Maryborough – Philipstown • Estates of 360 acres for English planters The Pale Earldom of Kildare, taken from the Fitzgeralds after 1537 Laois and Offaly Maynooth KING’S COUNTY Dublin Philipstown (Daingean) Maryborough (Portlaoise) QUEEN’S COUNTY • Loyal Irish near Shannon Kilkenny Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland THE PALE LEINSTER

The Plantation of Laois-Offaly – Why was it a failure? Only 80 planters Confiscated land attacked by O’Mores and O’Connors Results of Laois-Offaly Plantation Lessons for future plantations Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland No planters from England Land given to Gaelic planters

The Plantation of Munster Imposing English rule Adventurers Causes The Desmond Rebellions Land confiscated Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Imposing Protestant religion

The Plantation of Munster Plan of Plantation Surveyed and mapped Attract younger sons of English nobility Plan of Plantation Scheme of plantation Centre of English civilisation Resist a Spanish invasion Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Munster 4, 000, 6, 000, 8, 000 and 12, 000 acres The Plantation in Action Limerick Undertakers LIMERICK Earldom of Desmond Only English farmers, labourers, craftsmen Tralee Pay rent to the Crown Killarney KERRY Ready to defend in 7 years Introduce Protestant religion MUNSTER Mallow CORK WATERFORD Tallow Lismore Cork Youghal Bandon PLANTED AREA Follow English law Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland PLANTATION TOWNS

The Plantation of Munster Used Gaelic and Anglo-Irish planters Only one-fifth of planters came Problems How successful was the Plantation? Impact of Nine Years War Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Munster Long-term changes Wealthy Protestant minority New plantation towns Results of Plantation New surnames Trade prospered Youghal, Cork exports New cattle breeds/new farming methods Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Ulster Flight of the Earls 1609 Nine Years War – Battle of Kinsale O’Donnell (Tyrconnell) Spanish help O’Neill (Tyrone) Yellow ford 1598 Mellifont Galway Causes Dublin Tralee Limerick Lismore Flight of the Earls Imposing English law O’Neill’s O’Donnell’s March 1601 Cork Kinsale 1601 Spanish arrive 1601 Loyal and Protestant population Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Rental money for Crown Pay soldiers and officials

The Plantation of Ulster Plan of Plantation 6 counties PLANTATION OF ULSTER PRIVATE PLANTATION OF MONTGOMERY AND HAMILTON Commission of Inquiry PLANTATION TOWNS Coleraine Londonderry Plan Survey Strabane Donegal Omagh Dungannon Crown land Enniskillen Church land Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Cavan

The Plantation of Ulster Plan of Plantation Conditions of Plantation PLANTERS WHO WERE THEY CONDITIONS Undertakers English and Scottish planters Not allowed to have Gaelic Irish tenants Rent £ 5. 33 (€ 6. 77) per 1, 000 acres Servitors English soldiers and officials who were owed money after the Nine Years War and later Could take some Gaelic Irish tenants Rent: £ 8 (€ 10. 16) per 1, 000 acres Loyal Irish of ‘good merit’: Gaelic Irish who had not taken part in the rebellion Could have Gaelic tenants Rent: £ 10. 46 (€ 13. 54) per 1, 000 acres Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Ulster Defence 1, 000 acres A bawn 1. 500 acres A bawn and stone house 2, 000 acres Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland A bawn and stone castle

The Plantation of Ulster – Co. Londonderry Gridiron street pattern Clothworkers COLERAINE LOUGH FOYLE Central square or diamond Tailors Grocers LONDONDERRY Goldsmiths Haberdashers Ironmongers Fishmongers Skinners Mercers Vintners Drapers Walls of Derry River Foyle Salters Why was the plantation of Co. Londonderry organised in a different way to the rest of the Ulster Plantation? Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Plantation of Ulster – Results Irish Society (Londonderry) 10% Schools, towns 3% Trinity College 3% The Gaelic Irish New population Servitors 12% Conflicts continued Results The economy Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Land religion Towns Undertakers 36% Church of Ireland 16% Native Irish 20%

The Plantation of Ulster – Results What are the features of these planned towns? Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Cromwellian Plantation Rebellion in Ireland Royalists V Parliamentarians Causes CROMWELL Drogheda (1649) LANDS Pay-off adventurers and soldiers Cromwell’s invasion; country devastated (AUGUST 1649) Galway (1652) Ringsend Limerick (1652) Kilkenny (1650) New Ross (1649) Wexford (1649) Waterford (1649) Cork (1649) Youghal (1650) Clonmel (1650) Bandon (1649) Kinsale (1649) Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland CROMWELL DEPARTS (MAY 1650)

The Cromwellian Plantation Act of Settlement Crush Catholics Aims Punish rebels Confiscation and survey ‘Rebel’ landowners Down Survey Could not prove loyalty Pay-off debts Catholic farmers and labourers left in place Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland

The Cromwellian Plantation Failed to crush Catholics Areas given by Cromwell to new landowners Area reserved for transplanted Irish landowners Penal laws against Catholics Success or failure? Irish sent to the Caribbean Catholics live outside town walls Property and trade in Protestant hands Catholic tenants and labourers remain Drogheda nn on Galway Ri ve r. S ha Dublin Limerick Kilkenny Waterford Cork Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Catholic landowners lost out

Overall Results of the Plantations More Protestant country Protestant Ascendancy Catholic religion survived Penal laws 19 th century Land War Religious Political The Results of the Plantation 19 th and 20 th century riots The Troubles Cultural Gaelic culture and language Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Common Law New farming methods More urban society

FOCUS TASK 1 Summarise Draw up a table like the one below in a page of your copybook with the heading ‘Munster Plantation’ or ‘Ulster Plantation’ (whichever you are making a Special Study of). Fill in the information in short note form opposite each of the categories. Jupiter MUNSTER / ULSTER PLANTATION Causes Aims Ruler Organisation of Plantation Results: political, religious, cultural Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Jupiter

FOCUS TASK 2 Historical Debate ‘The policy of plantation brought benefits to Ireland’. Use your textbook and the internet to present the case, for and against, this motion. Jupiter Chapter 13 | Plantations in Ireland Jupiter