CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES OVER TIME IN ASIA Bilal

CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES OVER TIME IN ASIA Bilal Arshad, Srilu Garikapati, Kihoon Kang Vincent Tem, Amy Wang, Kevin Wong, Allen Park

8000 B. C. E - 600 B. C. E MAPS

8000 B. C. E - 600 B. C. E Interaction between the humans and the environment: - Rivers vital to civilization. Transportation, food source, soil fertilization -7000 BCE- agriculture developed in East Asia India: Indus River Valley- Aryans (1500 -500 B. C. E)-along river banks. Huge mountains- contact was limited, but Hindu Kush allowed trade. Grew cotton. built wastewater systems, used irrigation. China: Yellow River Valley - agricultural surplus. Shang: geographically isolated from the world, agricultural surplus led to trade-based economy. ; Yellow dust from wind became fertile soil. Walls built around cities. Forests cleared, dikes built. Zhou: empire too large so divided rule. Built reservoirs to store water during times of droughts. Southeast Asia: Had many forces, so burned & cut vegetation for clearing land. Honed navigational skills & learned how to predict nature cycles.

8000 B. C. E - 600 B. C. E Development and interaction of cultures: -monothestic Hebrew faith in southwest Asia spread to eastern Mediterranean and into central Asia by the Assyrians India: Indus Valley Civilization: Vedic Age- Aryans, nomads, establishment of Hinduism (polytheistic) - Vedas & Upanishads (sacred texts), caste system, reincarnation and karma -irrigation, advancement in technology (ex. potter's wheel) China: used oracle bones as a link between heaven and man. Gods controlled all aspects of lives including agriculture and natural disasters South East Asia: Hindu beliefs from immigrants. Pottery, silk, stone tools. Bronze Tools used after 2000 BCE. Horses for transportation. Intellectual: Decimal system and accurate calendar

8000 B. C. E -600 B. C. E State Building, expansion and conflict: India: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro-major cities governed by priest-kings. Consistency in public structures suggest strong central authority. Coastal towns gathered food and interacted with other civilizations. - Fell because of breakdown of political/social/economic systems. Elites lost authority and merged with general population. China: Ruler was link between Heaven and Earth. Mandate of Heaven legitimized the link. Shang: highly centralized, developed bureaucracies. Zhou (1045 - 221 BCE): feudal system and political fragmentation. Bureaus was used for governing. Officials hired to advise rulers on their theories of an ideal government.

8000 B. C. E - 600 C. E Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems: India: had access to metals of Middle East. Goods moved along rivers, so they acted as middlemen in long distance (Persian) trade. Fish from rivers, and grew cotton, rice, grain, beans. Use of canals and irrigation Industry: textiles, clay figurines, and Jewels - Urban centers fell and village based farming and herding became prominent. Lessened interactions with other regions. China - Agriculture: millet, wheat, rice (in Yangzi River Valley). Rice fed more people per acre than any other grains. Trade: Production of silk cloth, pottery, but with limited sea trade. Southeast Asia: Main agricultural product: rice. Trade: Plants and animals spread from Southeast Asia to other regions. Technology: Metal products produced.

8000 B. C. E - 600 B. C. E Development and transformation of social structures: -men dominated all major religions while women served in similar capacities as priests, prophets, and missionaries -China: -ancestor spirits were important for connecting with the Gods. Elite were a warrior class: military campaigns made prisoners into slaves. Women were expected to be subservient -India-Priests/kings in villages had high importance; some merchants but mostly farmers, men took up most of the skilled jobs while women weaved and cooked at home

600 B. C. E. - 600 C. E. MAP

600 B. C. E. - 600 C. E. Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • During the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall was created to keep out invaders from the North. The Great Wall was extended and repaired by later dynasties. • Many canals were made throughout this period. The Grand Canal linked the Yellow River with the Yangzi River. Its construction was completed during the Sui Dynasty.

600 B. C. E. - 600 C. E. Development and Interaction of Cultures • China: the Warring States Period (481 -221 BCE) gave rise to Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. - Qin Dynasty unified China and ruled using legalism as its main tool- it created a single Chinese style of civilization. - Han Dynasty popularized and made Confucianism a part of Chinese culture. Buddhism also slowly entered China from India. - These dynasties fought invasions from the Xiongnu in the North. • India: influenced by Buddhism during Ashoka's rule, but later influenced by Hinduism during the Gupta Empire (320 -550 C. E. ) - A base-ten number system was developed in India and it later spread to the Middle East. • Southeast Asia: Funan was influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism from India. • The Silk Road allowed for the exchange of ideas as well as goods. Religions and technologies spread through the trade route.

600 B. C. E. - 600 C. E. State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict China: The Qin Dynasty unified China in 221 B. C. E. • • • The Han Dynasty expanded China, but after it collapsed in 220 C. E, land was dispersed among the many dynasties that appeared. In 581 C. E, China is reunited under the Sui Dynasty. India: The Mauryan Empire (342 -184 B. C. E. ) united India. Ashoka contributed to the spread of Buddhism. • • After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, India was not united until 320 C. E. by the Gupta Empire. This empire's monarchs were Hindu and they revived ancient Vedic practices.

600 B. C. E. - 600 C. E. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems The Silk Road was a land trade route that connected Asian and European countries. China: the expansion of a network of canals helped to transport goods. India: there was lively commerce between Asia and Africa by land sea trade routes. Southeast Asia: Funan flourished by controlling trade routes across the Malay Peninsula.

600 B. C. E - 600 C. E. Development and Transformation of Social Structures China: • In China, the gentry was a privileged group that studied confucianism and ran the government. • Confucianism was very important in Chinese government and society. The family unit was very important, as Confucianism emphasized filial piety, patriarchy, and the 5 relationships. India: • In the Indian caste system, the highest caste was the Brahmin (priests) while the lowest class was the pariahs (untouchables). • • Buddhism appeared in India around 600 B. C. E. It slowly spread and rejected the caste system. Hinduism was Vedic based but was able to absorb aspects of Buddhism.

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. MAP

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. Interaction between humans and the environment environmen China: Sui and Tang Dynasty had many public works projects and built Grand Canal linking Yellow River with the Yangtze River. Improved Great Wall, and created irrigation system. Song Dynasty: increased food output in farms and had population increase. Large spending on sea exploration. Yuan (121 -1368): farmland used as means of taxation. Great Pandemic spread diseases (Bubonic plague) from the silk road. India: extensive trading nation (routes in Indian Ocean). Dhow ships used for shipping. Long coast line and agricultural fertility attracted traders Southeast Asia: Strait of Malacca allowed passage through South China sea. Proximity to China, India, made Malacca (port city) very diverse and prosperous. The Silk Road also allowed for the spread of goods and technology.

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. Development and interaction of cultures China: Sui and T’ang Dynasty (581 – 907 C. E. ) - Tang taizong, saw himself as a Confucian ruler. Opposition to buddhism because it contradicted confucianism. Turkic and Tibetan influences. Song dynasty (960 – 1279 C. E. ) - Scholars took Neo-Confucianism + Buddhism and emphasized family rituals justified subordination of women, ex. foot-binding -focused on civil service exams, industry, education, and the arts - metallurgy, high-quailty porcelain, gunpowder, movable type Mongols: disunified culture, and tolerant of other religions Japan: Early Shinto religion, worshipped the Kami, natural forces / entities Korea: heavily influenced by China via tributary systems of T'ang Dynasty. Schools and nobility organized like the Chinese. Shamanism was a unique characteristic of Korea. Vietnam: Confucian hierarchy, but followed Korea's and Japan's model of not practicing foot-binding and allowing more freedom for women. India - women were less repressed, especially with the rise of Islam.

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. State Building, expansion and conflict: India: Muslim invaders conquered the Hindus: Delhi Sultanate China: In 618 - unified under the Tang Dynasty which soon fell by local warlords undermining power from the emperor in 907. -By 960 - reunified again under the Song, which soon fell to the Mongols. Temujin brought all mongol tribes together, in 1206, and was proclaimed Genghis Khan The Mongols conquered most of Asia, and destroyed many cities. -Peaceful rule established Yuan dynasty in 1279, called the Pax Mongolica. -The Ming Dynasty arose after the Mongols were driven from China, and restored traditional rule in China. Japan: inspired by tang agricultural society, instituted a series of reforms to centralize power, --> Heian period: central power in Fujiwara family. Based on chinese values, women contributed to japan's literature. Decline from failure of equal-field system, japan became a feudal-like society: decentralization as regional warlords (daimyos) controlled land economy.

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems China: - Sui Dynasty had great ambitions towards public works projects such as the Grand canal, and military ambitions in Korea and Vietnam. Tang: Buddhists paid no taxes and undermined economic structure. Idea of credit was formed. Tributary system: payment to Chinese government in East and SE Asia (allowed them to access Chinese trading system). Chang'an was capital of Tang, as well as a hub of communications between many people of different origins. Song: rapid economic growth undermined government monopolies. Iron, gunpowder, and steel industries. Spread of idea of credit, but economy fell. Government taxed farming (heavy on commoners) to pay for public services. high military expenditures) Mongols: - Yuan Dynasty: porcelain and silk luxury trade with Asian and European nations along the Silk road. India: demand of luxuries rose, and trade in the Indian Ocean was prosperous. Exports of precious metals, jewels, textiles, and timber. Two legs of trade: Middle East, and Southeast Asia

600 C. E. - 1450 C. E. Development and transformation of social structures China: Tang and Sui Dynasty (581 -755) Nobility descended from Turkic elites. Chinese women: Wu Zhao, first Empress of China. Increased influence of women at the Tang court. Buddhists paid no taxes and served no armies. -Gov't jobs in bureaucracy were merit based (civil service exam) Song dynasty (960 – 1279 C. E. ) had foot-binding and subordination of women who took on management of husband's property Hereditary class distinctions were less defined. (w/ civil service exams). - Merchant and class saw increase of power and overtook farming class. Vietnam and Korea: social structures based on the Chinese social structures, (esp. Tang), allowed women to handle property. Japan: code of conduct: Bushido, Warriors: Samurai, Feudal system Elite noble responsible for local government. The aristocratic women managed their respective households, and contributed to japanese literature, but didn't receive formal education

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. 1453 C. E. 1789 C. E.

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. Interaction between Humans and the Environment China: Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) - Advances in printing(woodblock printing), shipbuilding, agriculture - Ming Dynasty ruled by ethnic Han Chinese Qing(Manchu) Dynasty (1644 -1911) - Rulers were Manchus, not ethnic Chinese India: Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526) - Hindus and Muslims both lived in Delhi Sultanate. Mughal Empire(1526 -1857) -Advances in metallurgy and astronomy

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. Development and Interaction of Cultures Ming Dynasty & Qing Dynasty: state religion was Confucianism The Ming Dynasty desired to hold on to traditional Confucian (Chinese) values. For example, Christianity was banned in 1724 to protect Ming culture. The Qing adopted Chinese institutions. Manchu Emperor Kangxi was a Confucian scholar. He ruled from 1662 to 1722. India: Delhi Sultanate: Clash between Islam and Hinduism Mughal Empire: Religious toleration to intoleration Akbar had policy of religious toleration. However, Hindu temples were destroyed afterwards. Japan: Tokugawa: Zen Buddhism and Shintoism -both religions were main religions

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict Ming Empire: the government used the civil service exams that were used in earlier time periods, used an educated bureaucracy; -due to massive trade in the world economy, Ming cities became culturally and economically active Qing : used exams just like Ming Empire did; along with trade, came religion Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire: both governments under the rule of one leader Ashikaga/Muromachi Shogunate (1338 -1477): rapid urbanization in this period; imperial center was Kyoto

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems Ming Empire: early 1400's: massive exploration and trade with Muslims (ex: Zheng He's travels from Southeast Asia to Africa) 1450's: China stopped and turned inwards. They banned foreign religion such as Christianity. Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate / Edo Period(1600 -1868): Japan stopped trade with Western Europe. Indian Ocean Trade: Trade increased 1200 -1500 due to the collapse of the Mongol Empire; Trade between India, Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia; cargo ships(Arab) were dhows and sailors used monsoon winds, Chinese cargo ships were called junks.

1450 C. E. - 1750 C. E. Development and Transformation of Social Structures Ming Dynasty: followed traditional Confucian values; therefore women were placed underneath men in the hierarchy; include footbinding; filial piety and family are very important Qing Dynasty: same as Ming since Manchu emperors followed Chinese traditions Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire: both were Islamic and therefore, the women had less power than the men and were subservient to men

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Asians migrated - indentured laborers recruited for plantation work and railroad building. China: emperors encouraged recovery of farmland resulted in doubling of population. Bubonic plague of Southwest China. Japan: migrated to Brazil and Latin America for agricultural work. India: forests cleared for plantations, and irrigation systems to alleviate famine. Technologies: Railroads, canal building for irrigation, and steamboats. Spread of cholera due to freer movement. . - migrated to Africa, Southeast Asia, East Indies.

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E Development and Interaction of Cultures Qing Believed that China was the center of the universe and all outsiders were barbarians. This superiority mentality made trade tough, mainly with the British who did most trades. (1793, Macartney's lowering knee) Did not yet realize that Western "barbarians" were more scientifically and technologically advanced-stronger navies, better weapons, and effective armies. Japan State Shintois - government sponsored religion, emphasized Japanese superiority and veneration of the emperor as a descendant of the gods. Agriculture practice was rationalized -> freed up labor force j a new middle class, the merchants, began to partially modernize Japan as they gained Western science and technology awareness. India: Ghandi- preached for nonviolent resistance to British rule.

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems India: British, Dutch and French wanted trade. Exports were agricultural : tea, opium, silk, cotton. Imported goods from Britain - ie. machine-cotton textiles. Railroads were to serve British commerce. British East India Company China: . Opium smuggled in from black markets profiting both British and Chinese merchants. Treaty of Nanking: forced trade open to the British Japan: Treaty of Kanagawa: Japan be open for trade; heavy industry established by government. Encouraged industrialization: state owned enterprises to manufacture inexpensive consumer goods for export.

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict Qing Boxer Rebellion - Chinese anger at foreign influence bubbled over, Rebels attacked foreign residents, beseiged foreign legation. Taiping Rebellion - costliest most devastating civil war in world history. Started by Xiuquan: saw "visions" and thought he was destined to establish "a heavenly kingdom". White Lotus - inspired by a ideology: predicted the Ming dynasty and coming of Buddha Japan Mathew Perry - "friendly" request to an opening of japan with the threat of naval bombardment. Meiji Restoration (1868) - realization to adopt Western learning. Revolution from above, radically altered Japan's politics, economics, and social organization. Sino-Japanese War (1894 -1895) - resulted in Japan's occupation of Taiwan and Korea (annexed in 1910) Russo-Japanese War (1904 -1905) - first time in modern era that a non-Western nation had defeated a European power in military conlfict. India Sepoy Rebellion - new gun cartridges greased from pig and cow fat caused a revolt from the Hindus and Muslims because of both religions' dietary laws; failed

1750 C. E - 1900 C. E Development and Transformation of Social Structures Qing -gender roles and relations remained almost unchanged - Qing (Manchus) adopted Chinese policies and institutions -Tokugawa Shogunates ruled in the 18 th century-real power belonged to the shoguns, not the emperors. -(1871)-feudalism abolishes-(1890) constitution made-(1898) modern laws (civil code made) -Economic growth nourished a new merchant-class culture, but the position of the samurai deteriorated under economic and social pressures India -In response to modernization, Indian nationalism arose in the increasingly educated middle class

1900 -Present Map

1900 -Present Interaction between humans and the environment • Introduction of new technologies like the radio, allowed for more communication. • There was a rapid growth in population throughout India and China. • There was a widespread of diseases in Asia such as the flu (in Hong Kong), and cholera (in South Asia). • There was more demand of resources in Asia, that hurt the environment around them and made increases in imports. • Green Revolution in India allowed for more food to be produced using new technologies such as pesticides. • It also had a negative impact on the environment which called for more green sources of energy, and conservation the Kyoto Protocol was an initiative to become more "green".

1900 -Present Development and Interactions of Cultures • Many Asian nations modeled America and Europe in industrialization and utilization of modern technologies. Some also wanted to make them even better (Japan and South Korea). • Religion played a major role in the independence movement in India. –The clash of Hindus and Muslims caused the partition, and formation of Pakistan. • Existing cultures/traditions were threatened by new communist movements in the Cold War. –During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards in China tried to destroy old traditions and try to impose the teachings of Mao. • In addition art, literature, and the media were used as forms or propaganda for North Korea, China, and Russia during the Cold War. • Islam remains a major religion today in the Middle East, South Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia today

1900 -Present State Building Expansion and Conflict • Growing nationalism in Asia led to many independence movements and decolonization. –In the beginning of the century India had a new independence movement that was led by Mohandas Ghandi and the Indian National Congress. India successfully broke away from Britain in 1947 and became one of the largest democracies. • Japan was growing in their empire, but was soon defeated by the allies in World War II. • There were many proxy wars in Asia during the Cold War (Korean War, and Vietnam war). • During the Cold War many countries (like North Korea and Vietnam) embraced communism for state-building and a form of government. • The fall of the Qing empire had caused China to undergo a period of instability and weakness. After World War II, China embraced communism but it was revolving around the peasants. People protested (as seen in Tiananmen Square incident) and wanted democracy. Eventually communism died out.

1900 - Present Creation, Expansion, and Development of Economic Systems • Great Depression: little effect on many Asian countries, but some were hurt. –India had protected its small industries through tariffs, and China’s problems were more political. –Japan was greatly affected and sought conquest for economic benefit which was thwarted by their defeat in World War II. • During the Cold War China, and North Korea embraced communism which crippled their economies due to many failures. –China (focused on the peasants) wanted to collectivize agriculture, and account for every citizen in their economic development. China also had their own version of the Five-Year Plans to industrialize (steel was still a major factor). • Many nations emerged economically, and re-entered the world market again. –The Four Asian Tigers were South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore which all had highly developed economies. –Japan also re-entered its economy through many sacrifices by its citizens, and the keiretsu. • Communist had failed in China, and Deng Xiaoping, introduced new policies that included elements of free market capitalism.

1900 - Present Development and Transformation of Social Structures • Women improved economically and had more rights in countries like India and China. Communism allowed for new opportunities for women. • During Communist China there was a huge class division between the workers and the senior officials that caused for much protest. • The Chinese government tried to control the population by only allowing families to have one child or be punished (usually by tax). • Majority of countries still have a big number of unemployment, poverty, and under-developed. –In India, majority of the people still live in slums –China still has a majority of people working for less than a dollar a day.

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