Chandra Xray Observatory Astrophysics Division Chandra Guaranteed Time

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Chandra Guaranteed Time Observer Policy Wilton Sanders Chandra Program Scientist

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Statement of the Issue • The Report of the 2010 Senior Review of the Astrophysics Division Operating Missions noted that the Chandra Guaranteed Time Observer (GTO) program is still in effect more than a decade after launch, and the committee questioned whether this is appropriate “when considering the inevitable pressures on observing time and funding that will persist in future years. ” • The Astrophysics Division asked the Astrophysics Subcommittee for a recommendation whether the Chandra GTO Program should continue as it is presently implemented, continue in some modified form, or be discontinued. • The Astrophysics Subcommittee recommended “that the current GTO policy be retained, at least until the Chandra Users Group [sic] can be asked to review this issue. ” 2

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Astrophysics Subcommittee Report “… In 1994, NASA HQ stated that the GTOs would receive 15% of the observing time after the first 20 months of operations, for ‘the remainder of the mission lifetime. ’ The fraction of GTO time became 11. 4% due to changes in the GTO program roster. The GTO policy was reviewed in 2002 and it was concluded then that ‘Chandra is best served by the current policy, ’ on the basis of the overall strength of the Chandra science program, maintenance of the instrument engineering competencies of the instrument principal investigators (IPI), and fairness to the IPI community. Eliminating the GTO program at the present time raises the risk of losing the key engineering support provided by the IPI teams at a phase of the Chandra mission when this support is most likely to become critical. In addition, this elimination would achieve no net savings, as the GTO time and funds would presumably be transferred to the General Observer (GO) community. The APS therefore recommends that the current GTO policy be retained, at least until the Chandra Users Group can be asked to review this issue. If the Users Group concurs, then there is no need to change the GTO policy. If the Users Group requests a change in the GTO policy, then the APS should revisit this issue at that time. ” 3

Astrophysics Division GTO Time – Background Details 1. Originally, the Guaranteed Time Observers (GTOs) were assigned 100% of the observing time during months 1 and 2 (after orbital checkout), 50% of the time during months 3 -20, and 20% of the time during months 21 -30. Chandra X-ray Observatory Source: Chandra AO (AO No. OSSA-3 -83). 2. Prior to the launch of Chandra, to get more data to General Observers (GOs) sooner, NASA HQ initiated a change to these numbers. Chandra IPI teams agreed to receive less up-front GTO data in exchange for a longer guaranteed time: GTOs, were granted, as a group, 100% of the data obtained during months 1 and 2 of operation, 30% during months 3 -20, and 15% "the remainder of the mission lifetime”. Source: Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) Level I Policy and Requirements Document signed by the Associate Administrator Wesley T. Huntress (4/20/1994). 3. The percentage of time was reduced to 11. 4 % as a consequence of the means by which the Interdisciplinary Scientists (IDSs) received their time and subsequent to the death of the Telescope Scientist, Leon Van Speybroeck. Source: AXAF Observing Policy TA 21 (96 -048) signed by Alan Bunner and Martin C. Weisskopf and decision made upon Leon's demise. 4

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division HQ Review of Chandra GTO, 2002 Status (2002): • 15% of observing time [now 11. 5%] is allotted to GTOs for duration of mission. • GTOs are guaranteed time and funding but not targets; they must compete with GOs in the peer review for targets. • GTO time is used for instrument sustaining engineering by IPI teams • Instrument expertise resides in IPI teams not in the CXC Fairness Issue: • NASA agreed to this arrangement after requiring IPIs to give up the time they were promised by the AXAF instrument AO. • GTO programs were structured under the assumption of continuing GTO time. Risk to Observatory: • Without GTO time, IPI teams cannot continue sustaining engineering by pushing instrument performance to the limits. • Without GTO time, IPI teams cannot maintain core competency for solving instrument problems through life of observatory. • There is programmatic impact to changing the currently successful arrangement; this impact includes increased risk and increased cost in exchange for some increased GO time. 5

Astrophysics Division HQ Review of Chandra GTO, 2002 Value to current observatory success Chandra X-ray Observatory • • • Use of GTO time. Some GTO time is being used to push the instrument into observing regimes that are scientifically risky but yield valuable data on instrument performance, potentially extend range of instrument (e. g. grating spectroscopy of extended sources). This time might not pass peer review. It is not part of the minimum calibration program, yet is part of the GTO side of the bargain and has benefited the Observatory Use of GTO time. Some GTO time is used for additional calibration and instrument insight. This includes trend analysis. This is not always included in calibration time. IPI teams support mission through continuing engineering and calibration. Examples include timing problems with HRC and contamination problems with ACIS. These functions are not totally provided by either the CXC or Project Science. Arguably only the instrument specialists are best qualified to provide these functions. IPI teams are motivated to provide calibration, optimize science, push instruments to limits. This requires a critical mass on the team; a single scientists or two is not enough. Guaranteed observing time (and the associated stable data analysis funding) is required to attract and keep qualified scientists on the IPI teams. This is necessary to maintain the required mix of people on the teams. 6

Astrophysics Division HQ Review of Chandra GTO, 2002 Value to future observatory success Chandra X-ray Observatory • • Instrument problems are expected to increase in the extended mission. It is a tactical error to weaken the ability to deal with these problems. The ability to deal with these problems is not captured by the mix of skills developed at the CXC and Project Science. The IPI teams are required. As the observatory ages, critical skills will be needed to overcome problems. Much corporate memory resides on IPI teams, especially in scientists since they are longer-term employees than engineers because of the GTO rights. It will be difficult if not impossible to bring new people in to solve problems during the extended mission. The Chandra GTO policies may be the best way to preserve observatory capabilities for the long run. Alternative is to capture expertise in the science center (e. g. HST, SOFIA) that de-facto is inefficient or to suffer through continual observatory problems and decreased science return (e. g. ESA missions). This efficiency allows Chandra to be operated at a lower cost. There will be programmatic impact to such a change. The benefits to instrument and observatory sustaining engineering, which are currently accomplished by the IPI teams using their GTO time, will either need to be undertaken by the CXC, undertaken during an increased calibration time allotment, or eliminated in exchange for increased risk and decreasing capability. 7

HQ Review of Chandra GTO, 2002 Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division 8

GTO Observing Time and Costs • GTO observing time is 2. 45 Ms for 3. 5 teams (FY 2011) • $5 M GTO funding for 3 US instrument PI (IPI) teams: $2. 3 M for GTO science, $2. 7 M for engineering (2011) • To date, IPI teams plus IDS have received $39 M for GTO Science, and $35 M for instrument engineering support • Table below gives GTO Observing Time for the four IPI teams, the Telescope Scientist (TS), and Interdisciplinary Scientists (IDS), & GTO Funding by fiscal year Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division 9

Astrophysics Division Project’s Concern • On some teams, only 1/2 FTE for key individuals is paid by instrument engineering. The GTO funding is used to support the other half. Core competencies may be at risk if funds cannot be found to cover these people. Chandra X-ray Observatory • If the GTO program goes away, some of the key scientists that also provide engineering support may move on to other projects and no longer be available to Chandra. The engineering support is totally independent of the science effort. 10

Astrophysics Division Comparison to other Great Observatories Chandra X-ray Observatory • The US Chandra IPI teams have received through FY 2010 (11 years) an average of $12. 3 M GTO funding support each. The US Chandra IPI teams have received through FY 2010 an average of 8. 8 Ms of observing time each. • The HST COS instrument PI receives over three years 553 HST orbits of observing time, ~ 2 Ms, and ~ $10 M in funding support. The IPI receives targets before the GOs, and provides little or no engineering support. STSc. I maintains engineering expertise. • Spitzer IPI teams each received $11 M GTO funding over 5. 5 years, $40 M total including SWG, and $11 M total for engineering support. Each IPI team received 1875 hours of observing time, ~6 Ms, and the SWG ~ 3 Ms. 11

Astrophysics Division Chandra GTO Process Chandra X-ray Observatory • GTOs can use any of the Chandra instruments for their GTO time. GTOs are guaranteed to receive their observing time, but cannot reserve targets in advance of the Call for Proposals. • GTOs submit observing requests before the General Observers (GO) proposal deadline. • After the GO proposals are received, GO-GTO conflicts are identified. GTOs are informed of the existence of a conflict, and may either (i) replace a conflicted target with an non-conflicted backup target, or (ii) write a proposal that is evaluated (“blind”) by the peer review process in competition with the GO proposals. • GTOs do not reserve targets to the exclusion of the GOs, rather, the GOs get first choice. 12

Astrophysics Division GTO Science Productivity Chandra X-ray Observatory • At least 22. 6% (944 of 4, 182) of Chandra’s refereed papers based on GTO data using 15% of the observing time over duration of mission to date • Important technical contributions to the program, e. g. , ACIS CTI corrector, ACIS pileup models, image reconstruction techniques, catalog development (e. g. , TGCat) • Conceive observation types and instrument modes that optimize or expand instrumental capabilities and validate feasibility of “high risk” observations • GTO science includes high value programs difficult to propose to peer review such as monitoring of Sgr A*, M 31 core, and SNR 1987 A, long grating observations of relatively faint AGN, and large contiguous surveys (XBootes) 13

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Summary of Reasons to Continue GTO • The current arrangement was signed-off pre-launch, and was reviewed by NASA HQ three years after launch and found to be still appropriate. • The current Chandra GTO Program is scientifically highly productive in terms of papers published, innovative data analysis, and high-risk/high-reward projects undertaken. • GTO targets are fairly competed. • No money is saved by eliminating the GTO Program. The instrument engineering support provided would still be required. The observing time currently allocated to the GTOs would revert to the GO time allocation, which would then require additional GO funding. • The GTO time and funding model is commensurate with that of other Great Observatories. • Potential unintended consequences include loss of core personnel. 14

Astrophysics Division Summary Question Chandra X-ray Observatory Is the 11. 4% observing time allocation to the GTO teams the right price to pay for optimizing the probability for sustaining instruments in their most difficult phase (beyond 10 years)? 15

Backup Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division 16

Chandra GTO Time & Dollars Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division 17

Spitzer GTO Time Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Each of the four GTO teams was awarded 5% of the observing time for the first 2. 5 years of the mission (the level 1 requirement for mission length). The SWG time was divided evenly between the 9 SWG members. After 2. 5 years, the three instrument teams (not the SWG) continued to receive 5% of the observing time for the life of the cryogenic mission (5. 5 years). There is no guaranteed time in the warm mission. 18

Chandra X-ray Observatory Astrophysics Division Spitzer GTO Engineering Support In addition to their science data analysis funding, the three original Instrument Teams, plus Ball Aerospace, were provided limited funding for engineering support. Engineering support continues for the IRAC team during the warm mission. 19