ch NP NP are everywhere ch noun everywhere

到 chù 都是NP NP are everywhere �到 chù: noun, everywhere chù means everywhere, and it occurs in the structure 到 chù 都是NP. It may follow a location phrase or a time phrase. �到 �Downtown there are banks everywhere. Don’t worry that you won’t find one. �市中心到 chù 都是 yín 行，别怕(你)找不到。 2

到 chù 都是NP NP are everywhere � There are books all over the floor. You’d best first clean up the room and then eat. � 地上到 chù 都是書，你最好先把房間 shōushi 好再 吃飯。 � 地上到 chù 都是书，你最好先把房间 shōushi 好再 吃饭。 � Xiao Wang said that when he went to Taiwan during summer vacation last year, cars were everywhere. � 小王說他去年shǔ假去臺灣(táiwān)的時候到處都是 汽車 。 � 小王说他去年shǔ假去台湾(táiwān)的时候，到处都 是汽车 。 3

説一説/说一说 �flowers/park the people riding bicycle/street 4

影xiǎng: noun; verb, influence �Drinking beer will affect your driving. �喝pí酒會影xiǎng你的開車。 �喝pí酒会影xiǎng你的开车。 �想想看: �sleep late/body �eat too much/studying 10

國家/国家: noun, country �return to one’s own country �回國 �回国 �Does every country has its own language? �每個國家都有自己的語言嗎? �每个国家都有自己的语言吗? 11

文字: noun phrase, script, writing system �Chinese writing system includes traditional characters and simplified characters. �中國文字hán fán體字和簡體字。 �中国文字hán fán体字和简体字。 12

yuán 來(来): adverb, originally, at first, it turns out to be the case �Originally I have five hundred dollars, but I lost my bag (pí包). �我yuán來有五百塊錢，但是我的pí包diū了。 �我yuán来有五百块钱，但是我的pí包diū了。 13

yuán來(来)如cǐ: fixed expression, that explains it, so that’s the reason �A: The main difference between American English and British English is the pronunciation. (美式英文和英式英文最大的 不同就是發(发)音。) �B: ? �So that’s the explanation. �Yuán來(来)如cǐ。 14

Describing situations: Adj. V 地 + VP �In Lesson 16 we learned how to use the phrase 慢慢地 before a verb phrase to say that a situation comes about gradually. (See Use and Structure note 16. 2. ) �At first I wasn’t used to living in China, but then I gradually got used to it. �開始，我不習慣住在中國，慢慢地習慣了。 �开始，我不习惯住在中国，慢慢地习惯了。 15

Adj. V 地 + VP: 慢慢地 �The adjectival expression 慢慢地 gradually is one instance of the structure Adj. V 地 used to describe situations. Many adjectival verbs can be used in this structure. �In the Dialogue in this lesson we see the structure with the adjectival verb 好. In Beijing, an 兒/儿 pronunciation is often added at the end of the second adjectival verb, but the 兒/儿 sound is not essential to the structure and can always be omitted. 16

Adj. V 地 + VP �Adj. V 地 always occurs before a verb phrase and describes the whole situation. If the situation involves an action, it describes how the action has been or should be done. �You should study Putonghua well. (You should work hard to study it. ) �你要好好(兒)地學 pǔ通話。 �你要好好(儿)地学 pǔ通话。 17

Adj. V 地 �Here additional examples of adverbial phrases formed by Adj. V 地. �quickly �快快地 �secretly �tōutōu地 18

看 depend upon �In Part C of the Dialogue, the verb 看 in the sense of depend upon: is used �Which one you want to study completely depends upon your own needs. �想學哪個，完全看你自己的 xū 要。 �想学哪个，完全看你自己的 xū 要。 20

(yǔ) language 語语 21

examples �Grammar �語法/语法 �language �語言/语言 �Chinese language �漢語/汉语 �English language �英語/英语 �German language �德語/德语 22

between 之間 之间 24