Ch 9 Motion II Describing Motion u Speed

Ch. 9 Motion II. Describing Motion u Speed & Velocity u Acceleration u

Describing Motion Learning Targets/Objectives: l Determine when an objects is in motion l Calculate an objects speed and velocity

Newton’s First Law l Newton’s First Law of Motion § An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by a outside force. l But what defines motion?

A. Motion l Problem: § Is your desk moving? l We need a reference point. . . § nonmoving point from which motion is measured

A. Motion l Motion § Change in position in relation to a reference point. Reference point Motion

Relative Motion l If you are sitting in a chair reading this sentence, are you are moving? l You are not moving relative to your desk or your school building. l You are moving relative to the other planets in the solar system and the Sun. l We are standing on a planet spinning on it’s axis, orbiting the sun that is a part of a spinning galaxy expanding outward every moment. . . but it feels like we’re standing still.

A. Motion Problem: l You are a passenger in a car stopped at a stop sign. Out of the corner of your eye, you notice a tree on the side of the road begin to move forward. (Is the tree moving? ) l You have mistakenly set yourself as the reference point. (your car is moving backwards!)

Motion • Distance • Distance describes how far an object has moved. • The SI unit of length or distance is the meter (m). Longer distances are measured in kilometers (km). • Shorter distances are measured in centimeters (cm).

Motion • Displacement is the distance and direction of an object's change in position from a reference point. • Suppose a runner jogs to the 50 -m mark and then turns around and runs back to the 20 -m mark. Displacement = 20 m from starting line • The runner travels 50 m in the original direction (north) plus 30 m in the opposite direction (south), so the total distance she ran is 80 m.

B. Speed & Velocity l Speed d § rate of motion v t § distance traveled per unit time

B. Speed & Velocity l Instantaneous Speed § speed at a given instant l Average Speed

B. Speed & Velocity l Problem: § A storm is 10 km away and is moving at a speed of 60 km/h. Should you be worried? § It depends on the storm’s direction!

B. Speed & Velocity l Velocity § speed in a given direction § can change even when the speed is constant!

D. Calculations Your neighbor skates at a speed of 4 m/s. You can skate 100 m in 20 s. Who skates faster? GIVEN: WORK: l d = 100 m t = 20 s v=? d v t v=d÷t v = (100 m) ÷ (20 s) v = 5 m/s You skate faster!

Speed & Velocity Objectives: l Calculate an objects speed and velocity l Demonstrate how to graph motion

B. Speed & Velocity l Speed d § rate of motion v t § distance traveled per unit time

B. Speed & Velocity l Instantaneous Speed § speed at a given instant l Average Speed

D. Calculations Your neighbor skates at a speed of 4 m/s. You can skate 100 m in 20 s. Who skates faster? GIVEN: WORK: l d = 100 m t = 20 s v=? d v t v=d÷t v = (100 m) ÷ (20 s) v = 5 m/s You skate faster!

D. Calculations Sound travels 330 m/s. If a lightning bolt strikes the ground 1 km away from you, how long will it take for you to hear it? GIVEN: WORK: l v = 330 m/s t=d÷v d = 1 km = 1000 m t = (1000 m) ÷ (330 m/s) t=? t = 3. 03 s d v t

E. Graphing Motion Distance-Time Graph A l slope = speed l steeper slope = faster speed B l straight line = constant speed l flat line = no motion

E. Graphing Motion Distance-Time Graph A l l l B l Who started out faster? § A (steeper slope) Who had a constant speed? §A Describe B from 10 -20 min. § B stopped moving Find their average speeds. § A = (2400 m) ÷ (30 min) A = 80 m/min § B = (1200 m) ÷ (30 min) B = 40 m/min

Acceleration Objectives/Learning Targets: l Describe and Calculate an objects acceleration l Describe what graphs are used to plot acceleration of an object

C. Acceleration vf - vi a t l Acceleration § the rate of change of velocity § change in speed or direction a: v f: v i: t: acceleration final velocity initial velocity time

C. Acceleration l Positive acceleration § “speeding up” l Negative acceleration § “slowing down”

D. Calculations A roller coaster starts down a hill at 10 m/s. Three seconds later, its speed is 32 m/s. What is the roller coaster’s acceleration? GIVEN: WORK: l vi = 10 m/s t=3 s vf = 32 m/s vf - vi a=? a t a = ( v f - v i) ÷ t a = (32 m/s - 10 m/s) ÷ (3 s) a = 22 m/s ÷ 3 s a = 7. 3 m/s 2

D. Calculations How long will it take a car traveling 30 m/s to come to a stop if its acceleration is -3 m/s 2? GIVEN: WORK: l t=? vi = 30 m/s vf = 0 m/s a = -3 m/s 2 t = (vf - vi) ÷ a t = (0 m/s-30 m/s)÷(-3 m/s 2) vf - vi a t t = -30 m/s ÷ -3 m/s 2 t = 10 s

E. Graphing Motion Distance-Time Graph l Acceleration is indicated by a curve on a Distance-Time graph. l Changing slope = changing velocity

E. Graphing Motion Speed-Time Graph = acceleration § +ve = speeds up § -ve = slows down l slope l straight line = constant accel. line = no accel. (constant velocity) l flat

E. Graphing Motion Speed-Time Graph Specify the time period when the object was. . . l slowing down § 5 to 10 seconds l speeding up § 0 to 3 seconds l l moving at a constant speed § 3 to 5 seconds not moving § 0 & 10 seconds