CH 8 NOTES WASHINGTON TAKES OFFICE CH 8

CH. 8 NOTES WASHINGTON TAKES OFFICE

CH 8 -1 VOCABULARY • CABINET: a group of people chosen by the President to give advice. • ECONOMY: the way goods, wealth, and services are created and used. • INAUGURATION: The ceremony where the president is officially sworn into office and promises to uphold the U. S. Constitution. • TARIFF: a tax on imported goods. (goods coming in from another country. ) • PRECEDENT: an act or a decision that sets an example for others to follow.

MAIN IDEA • In order to build a powerful United States, the founding fathers needed to build a strong government and a strong economy. THE FIRST PRESIDENT: - George Washington was elected the first president. - John Adams became the vice president. - Washington knew he could not do his job alone. He chose a group of advisors called his cabinet to help him out.

The New Leaders • On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office as the first President of the United States. • Washington’s inauguration, or official swearing-in ceremony, was attended by thousands.

• Leading Federalist John Adams of Massachusetts became Vice President. • Washington also selected a Cabinet, a group of federal leaders who both advise the President and head national agencies. • Each cabinet member had a different job.

Presidential Cabinet 1. Secretary of State: This person is responsible for advising the president on how to deal with foreign relations (countries). - Washington chose Thomas Jefferson. 2. Secretary of Treasury: this person is responsible for advising the president on the economy; money, debts, jobs, trade. - Washington chose Alexander Hamilton.

Presidential Cabinet Continued… 3. Secretary of War: this person is responsible for advising the president on the military. - Washington chose Henry Knox. 4. Attorney General: this person is responsible for advising the president on the law. - Washington chose Edmund Randolph

d. Washington’s Cabinet

Washington’s Government • Washington knew that during his first administration, or term of office, he and his officials were establishing precedents for how to govern. • A precedent is an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed.

• Washington worked to establish a tone of dignity in his administration. • The President held regular receptions for government officials and was escorted by soldiers when he traveled. • Although he felt that such pomp was necessary to command respect, others saw these activities as reminiscent of a king and his court. • In 1792, Washington won unanimous reelection. His second term, however, became marked by criticism and controversy.

Todays national deficit

US Historical National Debt 1790 -2014

THE NATIONS FIRST ECONOMIC CRISIS: - The United States was in debt after the Revolutionary War. - Alexander Hamilton came up with a financial plan to help save the nation: 1. The federal government would pay off the debt no matter what! To prove to other countries that they had honor so they could get help in the future. 2. He decided to create a national bank: They could issue and distribute paper money. 3. They would put a tariff- a tax on imports in order to protect US manufacturers.

THE WHISKEY REBELLION: - To raise money for the government, Congress passed a tax on all liquor made and sold in the United States. This new tax created a rebellion that tested the strength of the new government. - The tax affected farmers who converted their corn into whiskey for profit. They hated the tax and refused to pay it. - Thousands marched in rebellion through the streets tarring and feathering tax collectors. - Washington responded quickly, sending the army to stop the rebellion. His quick response proved to Americans that their new government would act firmly in times of crisis.

WASHINGTON’S PRECEDENTS: 1. Set the example for how future presidents should act day to day. 2. When he decided not to run for a third term, he set the precedent for a two-term office. 3. He helped Congress expand the executive branch by creating the Presidential cabinet. He also assisted in getting the country out of debt. 4. Showed that the government needed to act quickly and firmly during times of crisis (Whiskey rebellion). 5. In his famous Farewell Address he recommends that the United States foreign policy should remain neutral (not take sides in a conflict).

“Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world… the great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations is… to have with them as little political connection as possible. ” - George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796.

CH 8 -2 NOTES Political Parties: ~ Members of Washington’s Cabinet had different ideas about how the United States should be governed. ~ Two new political parties emerged (began). They disagreed on how powerful the federal (national) government should be.

FEDERALIST PARTY - Founder: Alexander Hamilton - Believed that only wealthy and educated landowners should take part in the government. - Were for a strong central government. - Emphasized manufacturing and trade. - Favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution. DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN PARTY - Founder: Thomas Jefferson - Believed that all people should have a voice in the government. - Wanted stronger state governments. - Emphasized agriculture (farming). - Favored a strict interpretation of the constitution.

~ As the nation continues to face problems the separation will increase between these two political parties. =================== POLTICAL PARTIES TODAY

CH 8 -3 NOTES: TROUBLE AT HOME CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY: ~ Even though the United States won all the land west of the Ohio River after the Revolutionary war, British soldiers were still there!

~ The British were supplying native Americans with ammo and weapons in hopes it would limit American settlement. ~ To avoid war, the American government tried to force the Native Americans to sell their land. Many refused but Americans continued to settle west. ~ Washington sent the army, led by Anthony Wayne. Finally they forced the Natives to give up most of the land.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ~ The French Revolution began in 1789. ~ Many Americans supported the French because they saw them as following the lead of the United States. ~As the French Revolution became more violent, opinions of many Americans began to change. ~ This caused further divide between the U. S. government.

FRENCH & BRITISH AT WAR! ~ By 1793 France and Britain were at war. ~ Again Americans disagreed on how to react. President Washington wanted the United States to remain neutral. ~ The united States wanted to continue to trade with both sides. France and Britain did not like that.

~ Both countries began stopping American ships and seizing their cargoes. ~ The British began the impressments of American sailors/ships. This meant that they were seizing sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy.

~ John Jay was sent by Washington to try and smooth things over with the British. He signed the Jay Treaty (agreement). * In this treaty: The United States agreed to pay it’s debt. In return the British agreed to pay for the ships they seized and to withdraw their troops from the Northwest Territory. (Nothing said about impressment). ~ Washington and America continued to remain neutral.

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS: ~ Washington decided to step down after TWO terms in office. ~ In his farewell Address, Washington advised the leaders of the United States to stay away from alliances, or partnerships with foreign countries.

JOHN ADAMS BECOMES PRESIDENT • ~ John Adams was elected the second President of the U. S. in 1796.

CH 8 -4 NOTES THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS ~ John Adams was a Federalist with Thomas Jefferson a Republican becoming vice president.

TROUBLE WITH FRANCE: ~ The French were angered by the U. S. neutrality in the war between France and Britain. France was upset over the Jay Treaty that was signed between the U. S. and Britain. ~ The French continued to attack American merchant ships. This hurt the American economy by slowing our trade. ~ Adams sent agents to France to try and create peace, However they tried to bribe the U. S. into paying them. The United States refused to be bribed. This became known as the XYZ Affair because the names of the officials were kept secret. ~ Many were angry that Adams did not declare war on France. (Especially republicans). Federalists began to fear that immigrants would take the Republicans side when they became citizens.

THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS: ~ Two new laws were passed under Adam’s presidency: • The Alien Act: said that a person coming to the United States, had to wait 14 years to become a citizen (used to only be 5). • The Sedition Act: made it a crime for anyone to write or say/publish articles criticizing the government. (this was aimed toward quieting the Republicans).

~ These new laws made Adams very unpopular. He lost the next election when he tried to win a second term. ~ Thomas Jefferson became the 3 rd president. Adams new laws also led to the issue of States’ Rights. Many felt the Central Government got too powerful, so states should be able to nullify or not have to follow certain laws.