Ch 8 High Middle Ages Power Struggle Medieval

Ch. 8 High Middle Ages

Power Struggle • Medieval monarchs fought for power of nobles and churchman – Nation-states, regions that share a government and that are independent of other states, formed – Monarchs were the head of society, but power was limited • Church and nobles had power over the monarchs – Had own courts, collected taxes and fielded own armies – Protected investments from monarchs • High Middle Ages, 1000 -1300, balance of power shifted – Monarchs increased their power

Monarchs Take Charge • Monarchs change rules – Expanded royal domain – Set up systems of royal justice that undermined feudal and Church courts – Organized government bureaucracies – Developed tax systems – Built standing armies – Strengthened ties to townspeople and middle class (trust) • Town supported royal rulers in return

Power Struggle • 400 s and 500 s saw the rise of the Anglo. Saxons, conquered Britain – Became known as England, unified in 800 – 1066, King Edward dies without an heir • A council thought Edward’s brother in-law (Harold) should be the next king • William, Duke of Normandy in France, said Edward promised him the throne…battle ensued • WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR won the throne on Christmas Day 1066 (won backing from Pope)

Conquering and Legal Matters • William conquered England wanted to impose his will – Granted fiefs to the Church, Norman lords (barons) and kept some for himself – Monitored castle building – Every vassal swore first allegiance to him – Completed a census called the Domesday Book which told him where every castle, field and pigpen was in England for tax collection • Successors set up the royal exchequer (treasury) to collect taxes, fees, fines and dues

Henry II and Common Law • 1154, Henry II expanded accepted customs into law – Traveling justices enforced the law, royal courts • Decisions of the royal courts became known as COMMON LAW, legal system based on customs and court rulings • Applied to all of England • Disputes brought to royal courts, no more Church or noble courts • Royal courts charged fees, treasury benefitted – Jury system also started • When justices visited, officials collected men who would speak the truth, JURY • Determined which cases should be brought to trial (Grand Jury) • Also had juries of 12 people, today’s trial jury

Conflict with the Church • Henry’s actions led to a conflict of power with the Church – Henry claimed he could try clergy – Thomas Beckett, a former Henry friend, opposed him • Was killed by four knights in 1170 in his cathedral • People called Beckett a saint and has a tomb to this day in Canterbury (miracles are said to occur there) • New government began to form with new tax regulation – King John, one of Henry’s sons, was clever, cruel and untrustworthy and clashed with King Phillip of France, Pope Innocent II and his own English nobles • His lost these battles

Don’t do that John… • John lost Norman lands in France after losing a battle to Phillip in 1205 • John rejected a papal nominee for the archbishop of Canterbury – The Pope excommunicated John and England was under an interdict, no Church services in kingdom – John agreed to make England a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome to save his crown • John angered his nobles with oppressive taxes – 1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced his to sign the MAGNA CARTA, or great charter • First, asserted nobles certain rights and extended to everyone later on • Second, monarch must obey law!

Magna Carta • People’s and Church rights – Clause protecting freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions • Except by legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land • Formed the basis of DUE PROCESS OF LAW today – No person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime • This is the right of HABEAS CORPUS, clarified and defined later in Petition of Right (1628) and Habeas Corpus Act (1679) – King also agreed not to raise taxes without first consulting the Great Council of lords and clergy • No taxation without representation

Parliament Begins • Through the Magna Carta, PARLIAMENT (England’s legislature) started – English rulers normally sought council from the Great Council in the 1200 s, evolved into Parliament – 1295, King Edward I asked Parliament for money for wars against France • Representatives included two knights from each county and representatives from towns (the Model Parliament) • Today, two-house legislature: House of Lords and House of Commons (limited power of Monarch)

Monarchs in France • France was not unified – 987, nobles elected Hugh Capet, the Count of Paris, elected because the nobles thought he was weak – Next 300 years, Capet and his successors continued to increase their power (Capetian dynasty) • Played nobles against each other and had support of the Church • Built successful bureaucracy and collected taxes, royal law, trust of middle class

Phillip Augustus • 1179, Phillip II became king of France – Paid middle-class officials instead of elected nobles to government positions • Middle-class vowed loyalty to him • Introduced new national tax and charters to new towns – Quadrupled royal land holdings • Trickery, war and diplomacy won him English ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou • Took over southern France – Sent knights to squash Alibigensians with help from Pope – Most powerful ruler in Europe when he died

Louis IX • 1226, Louis IX became king of France – Deeply religious and killed any heretics, or people with non -Christian beliefs – Killed Jews (they are always hated on) and led France into two crusades against Muslims • Church declared him a saint • Phillip IV, Louis’ grandson, clashed with the Pope – Ruthlessly extended power, taxed the clergy to gain more money – Pope Boniface VIII declared that no King shall have power of the Church – Phillip sent troops to capture the Pope, Pope escaped but died shortly after

Chaos • 1305, a Frenchman was elected Pope – Moved Papal Court to Avignon, just outside of France • France rulers no had more control – Led to a crisis with the new Pope and Rome • Rival Popes both claimed power • Phillip set up the Estates General in 1302 – Had representation from all three estates: Clergy, Nobles, and Townspeople • Never gained much power to check the royal powers

The Holy, Wholly, Holey Roman Empire • Power struggle continued between Popes and the monarchs of the Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Empire had lands from Italy to Germany – Germany was a wreck after Charlemagne • Dukes of Saxony began to gain power • 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title, King of Germany • Otto I became emperor after working closely with the Church – Appointed Bishops to government positions – Helped the Pope defeat rebels in Rome • Crowned Emperor

Let the Struggle Begin • The Emperors took control of central and eastern Europe and parts of France and Italy – Their vassals (nobles and Church officials) were the rulers in the far reaching lands – Emperors had a tough time controlling vassals – Emperors battled the Church on electing officials within their realm • 1054, Henry IV crowned king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor – Gregory VII was the pope and the conflict between the two would erupt

Monarch VS. Pope • Gregory VII proposed reform – Wanted the Church to be separate from secular (worldly) rulers – Banned the practice of LAY INVESTITURE, the practice of a non-clergy member presenting a bishop with the ring and staff of his office • Gregory thought the Pope should be the only one to this • Henry IV did not like the new rule – Henry claimed the bishop lands were part of the royal fief and he was their overlord • Insulting letters were exchanged and princes began to undermine Henry and side with the Pope

Oh Snap… • 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry – Gregory headed north to crown a new emperor – January 1077, Henry went to the Pope as a repentant sinner • Gregory knew this was to just to save throne but had to acknowledge his Henry as a confessed sinner – Henry saved his throne and excommunication was lifted • Henry punished the rebellious nobles and led an army into Rome and forced Gregory into exile

Compromise and Italy • The struggle over investiture continued for 50 years – 1122, The CONCORDAT OF WORMS brought an end to the bishop appointment chaos • The Church had the sole authority to elect bishops • The emperor could still invest them with fiefs • German emperors wanted control of Italy, clashed with Popes and wealthy cities – 1100 s and 1200 s saw many battles

“Red Beard” • Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, or FREDERICK BARBAROSSA (“Red Beard”) wanted an empire from the Baltic to Adriatic – Fought northern Italy cities and lost when the Pope joined with the Lombard League – Barbarossa did win in getting his son, Henry, to marry Constance, an heiress in Southern Italy • Now permanently tied to affairs in Italy • Frederick II, Barbarossa’s Grandson, was born in Italy and fought with the Popes – He lost, just like his grandfather

Turmoil in Germany and Italy • The tangled mess of Holy Roman Emperors and Italy wasn’t going to well – While Frederick II was in Italy, German nobles gained power and independence • The Holy Roman Empire was a loose alliance of feudal states • Germany didn’t become a nation-state (country) for another 600 years! – Italy and Sicily were just as bad • Popes teamed with French to kick out Frederick’s heirs • Upheaval against French led to 200 years of fighting, with Spanish and French fighting for control in Italy

Church Power Increases • 1200 s, peak Church power was reached – 1198, POPE INNOCENT III claimed supremacy over all other rulers • “…stands between God and man, lower than God but higher than men…” • Shut down King John when he didn’t want the election of an archbishop • Excommunicated Phillip II when he tried to annul his marriage – 1209, Innocent aided Phillip II in the brutal crusade against the Albigensians • Tens of thousands of people were slaughtered – Innocent extended Papal States, reformed courts, changed the how Church officials were chosen and called a council to issue decrees stating the Pope’s new power

Crusades • CRUSADES, battles between Christians and Muslims for lands in the Middle East, started in 1096 – Opened up the world for Western Europe • 1050, Western Europe was coming out of isolation – Islam was on the rise and extensive trading networks were all over, under Islam, from Spain to India – India was thriving under Hindu and Buddhists traditions – China was thriving under the Tang and Song dynasties – The Soninke of Ghana were building a great trading empire – The Maya were building an empire and huge temples – Some Byzantine Empire lands came under Seljuk Turk rule and the HOLY LAND, Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached, were controlled by Muslims

War Time, Religion Style • With Muslim control of the Holy Land, Christians could not pilgrimage to Jerusalem – Alexius I, Byzantine emperor, urged POPE URBAN II to send Christian knights to fight the Muslim Turks, even though Roman Popes and Byzantine emperors did not see eye to eye • The Pope agrees – Council of Clermont in 1095 brought light to the Muslim ownership of Christian lands (Muslims were called the “accursed race”) • They agreed to a crusade of the Holy Land • “God wills it!”

Off to War Dear… Be Back in a Jiffy • 1096, tens of thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land – Ordinary men and women left too – Knights wanted wealth and land – Some wanted adventure – Other wanted to escape troubles at home – Pope Urban hoped the battle would increase his power, heal the schism and allow Christian knights to fight Muslims instead of each other

First Crusade • Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals – Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099 • Capped the victory by massacring Muslim and Jewish residents • Crusades continued for another 200 years – Divided land into four states called Crusader states – Muslims sought to destroy Christian states, Europeans launched more Crusades • 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslims with the help of their leader Salah al-Din, or Saladin • The Third Crusade was a failure for Christians, but negotiations with Saladin opened up Jerusalem to Christian pilgrimages

More Crusades • Christians tried to take Muslim lands in Northern Africa – Ended in defeat • The Fourth Crusade pitted Christians against each other – 1204, Crusaders helped Italian merchants defeat their Byzantine rivals • Crusaders then went on to loot and take Constantinople from the Byzantines • 1291, Muslims continues to capture crusader states – Captured the last one, Acre and the victors massacred their enemies in the city… UNBELIEVABLE

Impact of Crusade • The Crusades created a rift between Christians and Muslims – Both sides committed horrible acts against each other in the name of religion • Christians even turned toward hatred against Jews and wiped out entire communities • Crusades united Muslim regimes – Muslims were fighting each other, but united under Saladin to fight the Christians and created a united Muslim community from Egypt to Syria – Crusades also help propel Europe out of the Middle Ages with a quicker pace of change

Economics, Church and Monarchs • Europeans had a taste for luxury – During Crusades, Europeans obtained fabrics, spices and perfumes from the Byzantine empire – Trade increased and expanded – People in Venice and northern Italian cities built huge fleets to carry Crusaders • After, they used the fleets for trade of sugar, cotton and rice with the Middle East – The Crusades also turned Europe to a monetary system • Nobles allowed to peasants to pay rent with money instead of grain so they could pay from the Crusades with money • Led to an end of serfdom

Economics, Church and Monarchs • The Crusades increased the power of monarchs – Rulers were allowed new rights to collect taxes for the Crusades • Louis IX of France and Richard I (Lion-Heart) won battles to increase prestige • Papal power at its height… still – We learned that this was short-lived because of the impending struggles between Popes and monarchs – The split between the Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire was still apparent, Fourth Crusade

Realization and Exploration • The Crusades led Europeans to acknowledge that there are more people in the world where they thought none existed – Explorers would begin to travel to China and India – 1271, a Venetian named Marco Polo traveled to China with his father • He wrote a book of his travels and some did not believe them • People could not believe China had a government run mail service or that they burned black rocks (coal) to heat their homes – Marco Polo’s experience would help inspire other Europeans explore and lead to an age of exploration

Reconquista • Muslims gained control of Northern Africa and southern Spain in the 700 s – Christian kingdoms in the north were expanding and wanting to take back the lands the Muslims held in Spain • The campaign to take back land from Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula led to the RECONQUISTA, or “reconquest” • Christian warriors began their conquest – 1085, captured the city of Toledo – 1140, Christian kingdom of Portugal is established – 1300, Christian controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula, except for Granada – 1469, Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile brought Spain together and they were able to push Muslims out of Granada – 1492, the Reconquista was done!

Ferdinand Isabella • Ferdinand Isabella wanted a religiously unified Spain – Muslim Spain allowed all religions to practice as they desired • Isabella ended that peace – INQUISTION, Church court set up to try people accused of heresy, started and Jews and Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be put on trial • Many refused to convert and were burned at the stake – The queen achieved her desires, but more that 150, 000 people left Spain (mainly Jews and Muslims) • These people were skilled, educated and contributed to Spain’s economy and culture

Oh Hey Education… • 1100 s, Europe was going through changes – Reliable food supple and growth of trade was bringing prosperity – The need for education was growing • Go get an education! – The Church wanted more educated clergy – Royal rulers needed more literate men for the growing bureaucracies • Wealthy young men now had hopes of obtaining higher positions in society – Schools came up around cathedrals, some became the first universities • Like guilds, had charters to protect members and standards for training

More School, C’mon • Universities pop up – 900 s, Salerno in Italy had a medical school, Bologna university specializes in legal studies and opened in 1158, Paris and Oxford founded universities in the 1100 s and Students would travel all over to go to different universities • University life was not comfortable – Wake up at 5 AM for prayers, lecture until 10 AM (had to memorize everything), First meal, Classes until 5 PM, light supper, study until bedtime – No permanent buildings, teachings held in church on hard benches while the teacher interpreted Latin text! • SEVEN ARTS: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic • Separate programs for law, medicine and theology • To show mastery an oral exam was given, degree in 3 -6 years

Women, Ed. Cont. & Innov. • Women were NOT allowed in universities… – Some received education from convents and Notre Dame de Paris (became scholars , writers) • Christine de Pisan questioned why women were not allowed to be educated • Women were considered oddities by men, should raise children, manage household, do needlework and leave everything else to the men • Europe opened its doors to new innovations – They were new to Europe and had been around since the time of Greece but Europe became so isolated it missed out

Muslim and Christian Scholars • Muslim scholars translated the work of Aristotle and other Greeks to Arabic – Knowledge spread amongst Muslims – In Muslim Spain, Christian and Jews converted the text to Latin • Started a revolution of learning • Christians faced a challenge with Greek works – Greeks argued reason to discover truths – Christians accepted ideas as faith (Science vs. Religion) • How to use new knowledge without undermining the Church? ? ? – SCHOLASTICISM grows, use reason to support Christian beliefs

Science, Religion and Turtles • Scholastics studied the works of Muslim philosopher Averroes and Jewish rabbi Maimonides to use logic to resolve the conflict between faith and reason – THOMAS AQUINAS wrote Summa theologica, that stated faith and reason exist in harmony • God rules over an orderly universe • Brought Christian faith and Greek philosophy together • Science works translated from Greek and Arabic were stretching across Europe

Science and Math… Hogwash! • Science and math works came from Spain and the Byzantine Empire – Studied: Hippocrates on medicine, Euclid on Geometry and other works by Arab scientists – Studies how Aristotle used observation and experimentation to study the physical world • Knowledge slowed by the Church • Adopted Hindu-Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals, made things easier (more advances)

I See You Literature • Writings started to come out in VERNACULAR, or everyday language of ordinary people (German, French and Italian) – Captured spirit of the Middle Ages through epics, poems and long narratives about knights, tales and chivalry • French wrote “songs of heroic deeds in 1100 s about Charlemagne’s knights (Song of Roland) – Sacrifices life for honor • Spain’s epic, Poem of the Cid, about Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar tells of how he this Christian lord worked with and against Muslim forces

More Works • Divine Comedy by DANTE ALIGHIERI, takes you on a tour of hell and purgatory and finally a vision of heaven – Showed Christian ethics • GEOFFREY CHAUCER wrote Canterbury Tales, tells of a band of pilgrims and their journey to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb – A knight, plowman, merchant, miller and monk

Art and Architecture • Middle Ages were told through great buildings – Cathedrals were the centers of cities • 1000, Churches built from stone showed Roman influence • Romanesque churches looked like fortresses – Dark and gloomy inside, no windows to support roof • 1140, Abbot Suger created an abbey church in Paris that would bring “uninterrupted light” – GOTHIC STYLE (stained glass and stone) was popular and they had FLYING BUTTRESSES, stone supports that stood outside the church (higher, thinner walls for bigger windows)

Artsy Fartsy • Sculptors turned to using stone to depict characters from the bible and plants and animals – Stained glass was taking off too, pictures of Jesus and his journey (in churches today) • Religious paintings, manuscripts and tapestries took off – ILLUMINATION started by monks, nuns and artisans • Small pictures and designs in books, paintings • Paintings in thread – Bayeux Tapestry is 231 feet long with over 70 scenes in it depicted the Norman conquest of England

Everything Was Going Well… • The mid 1300 s brought disaster! – Widespread crop failures – Plague and war decimated the population • 1347, a fleet of Genoese (Italian) trading ships filled with grain left a Black Sea port and headed for Messina, Sicily – On the voyage, sailors became sick and died – When they reached port, the townspeople became sick and dies – The BLACK DEATH, mass killing disease in Europe, was raging through by 1348 • Reached France and Spain, one in three people died • Death rate more than any war in history

AHHHH BLACK DEATH!!!!!! • The Black Death was a bubonic plague, a disease spread fleas that were carried by rats – Had broken out before, but subsided – This strain started in Mongolia in 1200 s and this EPIDEMIC, outbreak of rapid spreading disease, started when the Mongols conquered most of Asia – Rats were everywhere and were common to everyone (poor and wealthy) • Early 1300 s, rats spread the plague in China, 35 mill. Die • Fleas jumped on clothes of traders, spread all over

Normal… Forget About It • Normal life ended with no way to stop plague – Some said it was God’s punishment • Beat themselves with whips to show they have sinned and were repenting those sins – Other lived as if they were going to die tomorrow – People left cities and hid (smart) – Other Christians blamed Jews • Said they poisoned the wells, thousands of Jews killed • Naturally the economy took a dive – Workers and employers died, production slowed • Survivors demanded higher wages – INFLATION, rising prices, went way up • Crops were traded for sheep (less labor) and villagers left for towns to find work but the guilds limited advancement

People Gone Crazy • Fear of the plague and restrictions caused social revolts – Angry peasants revolted in France, Germany and England • Artisans wanted power, but lost – Revolts and plague took 100 years to get over!!!! • The Church goes through it’s problems – People questioned the Church • “Why did God spare some and kill others? ”

The Churchy Shore • The Church could not provide leadership in a time of crisis – 1309, Pope Clement V moved the Church court to just outside of France (Avignon) • There for 70 years and lived lavishly (richly and carelessly) in Avignon • People became angry, as well as some Church officials – 1378, Church reformers elected their own Pope to rule from Rome • French cardinals selected their own Pope too, a SCHISM (split) started in Western Europe • Two, sometimes three people claimed to be the Pope • A council in Constance, Germany ended the nonsense in 1417 and Pope Martin V became the “official Pope”

Church Faces Reform • Moral authority of the Church weakened – In England, John Wycliffe was an Oxford professor who attacked corruption in the Church • Said the Bible, not the Church, was the source of Christian truth • Followers began translating the Bible into English so people could read it themselves! • Czech students brought the idea to Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Jan Hus led the reform – Followers were known as Hussites – The Church responded by persecuting Wycliffe and suppressing the Hussites • Hus was tried and found guilty of heresy (ideas contrary to Church teachings), burned at the stake in 1415 (reforms continued)

Hundred Years’ War • 1337 -1453, England France went at it – The conflict started over English ancestral Norman lands in northern France – War erupted when English king Edward III, son of a French princess, claimed the French crown in 1337 • Also fought for English Channel and trade – The English took early victories • Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415) – Success was due to the LONGBOW, almost conquered all of France

Joan of Arc • 1429, a 17 -year old peasant went to the uncrowned French king Charles VII and said she was sent by God to help France – Charles granted her leadership in the war and she led France to multiple victories in one year • She was taken captive by the English and given to her enemies • She was put on trial and found guilty of witchcraft, to discredit her, and burned at the stake – The execution rallied France and with the help of the cannon, pushed England back • By 1453, the English only held one port city, Calais • Joan was declared a saint by the Church

Impact of War • Nationalism grew in France after the war, English Parliament grew – French kings were able to expand their power – England kept asking Parliament for money during the war, so power shifted toward Parliament • England turned toward trading oversees • Society was changing – Castles and knights could not stand up to the new weapons – Monarchs needed large armies not vassals to fight wars, turned to hired soldiers • Population expanded, manufacturing grew – Trade increased – Technologies were borrowed and developed – Italian cities led the way in trade and shipping • All of this led to the Renaissance, Reformation and the Age of Exploration!!!!!!!!!