Ch 7 Urinary Tract Function Remove nitrogenous wastes

Ch 7 Urinary Tract

Function • Remove nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream – Becomes toxic if accumulates

Kidneys and Ureters • Kidneys – Nephr/o • • Nephroptosis Nephrolithiasis Hydronephrosis Nephrostomy • Ureters – Ureter/o • Ureteroplasty • Ureterolithotomy

Bladder • Bladder – Cyst/o • Cystitis • Cystostomy • Cystoscopy – Vesic/o • Perivesical • Vesicoureteral reflux

Trigone, urethra, meatus • Trigone – Trigon/o • Urethra – Urethr/o • Urethritis • Urethral stricture • Meatus – Meat/o • Meatotomy

Closer Look At Kidney • Hilum/hilus: depression or pit in kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave • Cortex: outer area of kidney • Medulla: inner area, location of pyramids

Closer Look At Kidney • Calix, calyx or calices, calyces: – cali/o, calic/o – Caliceal – Cup like collection region of the renal pelvis • Renal Pelvis: – – pyel/o Pyelolithotomy Pyelonephritis Central collecting region of kidney

Nephrons • Glomerulus- glomerul/o – glomerulonephritis • Tubule • 1 mil/kidney

Creation of Urine • Filtration: Afferent blood is filtered through glomerulus and water, sugar, salts, and waste are absorbed into Bowman capsule which is continuous with the tubule.

Creation of Urine • Reabsorption: Efferent capillaries surrounding tubule reabsorb all of the sugar, most of the water and some of the salts.

Creation of Urine • Secretion: As capillaries go from arterial to venous, waste products of metabolism are secreted by the venules such as acids, drugs (such as penicillin) and potassium (a salt) from the bloodstream into the tubule.

Path of Urine • • TUBULES CALYCES RENAL PELVIS URETER BLADDER URETHRA MEATUS

Contents of Urine Urinalysis (UA) info important to know, but not on the test!

Urinary Conditions • • • Ur/o, urin/o, -uria An/uria Bacteri/uria Dys/uria Glycos/uria Hemat/uria Noct/uria vs enuresis Olig/uria Poly/uria- poly/dipsia Py/uria (UTI= cystitis)

Blood Conditions • Azot/o = azotemia – Nitrogen elevated - BUN • Uremia • Hyperkalemia • Hyponatremia

Dialysis CKD – chronic kidney disease CRF – chronic renal failure ESRD – end stage renal disease HD – hemodialysis PD – peritoneal dialysis

Renal Calculi • • Kidney stones Nephrolithiasis Lithotripsy ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Intravenous vs Retrograde Pyelogram

Abbreviations • • • ARF – acute renal failure BUN – blood urea nitrogen CKD – chronic kidney disease CRF – chronic renal failure C&S – culture and sensitivity testing ESRD – end stage renal disease ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy HD - hemodialysis KUB – kidney, ureter, bladder PD – peritoneal dialysis UA – urinalysis UTI – urinary tract infection

Female Reproductive System Chapter 8

Men/arche = puberty • Ovulation • Oophor/o, ovari/o – Oophoritis – Oophorectomy – Ovarian • o/o, ovul/o – Oogenesis – Ovulation

Coitus = intercourse • Fertilization – Salping/o • Salpingitis • Salpingectomy – -salpinx • Pyosalpinx • Hydrosalpinx • Hematosalpinx

Gestation/Pregnancy • -cyesis – Pseudocyesis – Salpingocyesis • -gravida – Nulligravida – Primigravida – Multigravida

Uterus • Hyster/o – Hysterectomy – Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) • Uter/o – Uterine – Utero-ovarian ligament

Uterus • Metr/o, metr/i – Endometrium – Myometrium – Serosa • Cervic/o – cervicitis

Embryonic Membranes • Amni/o – amniocentesis • Chori/o – choriogenesis • Chorion/o – chorionic

Parturition: Act of giving birth • -tocia – dystocia • -parous – Nulliparous – Primiparous – Multiparous • Em. PHAsis on the correct syl. LABle

Vagina and Vulva • Colp/o – Colporrhaphy • Vagin/o – Vaginitis • Episi/o – Episiotomy • Vulv/o – Vulvar • Perine/o – Perineorrhaphy • Culd/o – culdocentesis

Female Reproductive System

Ovulation – NO fertilization • Menstruation • Oligomenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Menorrhagia • Metrorrhagia • Menometrorrhagia • DUB: dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Menopause • Amenorrhea • Cessation of menstruation • Ova depleted • Estrogen secretion lessens • Hot flashes and insomnia • Estrogen replacement therapy

Carcinoma of the Cervix • Human papillomavirus infection • Dysplasia • Carcinoma in situ (CIS) • Screening test is Pap test • Conization • Hysterectomy – TAH-BSO • Exenteration: removal of most organs of pelvis

Endometriosis

Uterine Fibroids • Leiomyomata • Myomectomy

Accessory Organ: Breasts • Mamm/o – Mammogram – Mammoplasty • Augmentation • Reduction • Mast/o – Mastectomy – Mastitis

Lactation • Galact/o – Galactorrhea • Lact/o – Lactogenesis – Lactation

Carcinoma of the Breast • Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) • Lumpectomy • Mastectomy • TRAM flap for reconstruction • Fibrocystic disease

Ectopic Pregnancy • Salpingocyesis • Usually tubal • Rupture is dangerous • Tube is usually destroyed

No Neonatal Conditions (pages 281) • We will cover them in the appropriate chapter • Examples: – Down Syndrome in chapter 2 – Pyloric stenosis in chapter 5 & 6

Tubal Ligation

Amniocentesis

Procedures • Pap test • HSG • Mammography • Colposcopy • Conization • Cryosurgery • Culdocentesis • Exenteration • Laparoscopy • Tubal ligation • Amniocentesis

Abbreviations • • • BSE CIS D&C DUB EDC HSG Pap test SNB TAH-BSO TRAM flap