Ch 4 2 The Industrial Revolution Changes in

Ch. 4. 2 - The Industrial Revolution: Changes in technology in Western Europe & the United States ca. 1750 - 1850

What do you need to start an Industrial Revolution? Preconditions 1. Geography: able to grow food, easily transport food and goods (soil, waterways) 2. Technology – new ideas, inventions, for growing food, new products 3. Supply of capital (money) 4. Natural resources – to make things 5. Labor force – people to produce things 6. Markets – people who will buy the things produced – so sellers can make profits $ 7. Government stable and friendly to business 8. Incentive – Let’s change! Make profits

I. Ind. Rev. Began in Britain A. Contributing Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agricultural revolution Population growth Supply of capital (money) Rich in natural resources Government’s “laissez-faire” attitude; political stability A. Empire provided a market for goods 1. Geography: An island nation

I. Industrial Revolution Began in Britain A. Contributing Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. 1. Agricultural revolution: increase in food supply meant more people could be fed at lower prices, with less labor Population growth (and so more workers -- labor supply) as a result of more food supplies Supply of capital to invest & entrepreneurs seeking profits; highly developed banking system Rich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and natural waterways -- for both fuel and transportation Government’s “laissez-faire” attitude towards econ. and social regulation; politically stable (wars fought on the continent) Large empire provided a market for goods and a source of raw materials Geography: Britain an island nation, allowing easy sea trade, less risk of invasion

B. Agricultural Revolution 1. Enclosure movement: large, wealthy landowners bought up small farms on which they could experiment and apply the scientific approach to farming. Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers. 2. Methods such as crop rotation and selective breeding were employed by the scientific farmers.

Crop Rotation: a new idea

Seed Drill

Seed Drill

Result of the Enclosure Movement: Fenced-in lands

C. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution 1. 2. 3. Population grew because of higher quality and more food available Increased population led to higher demand for food and goods As farmers lost land to enclosures, they left rural villages and moved to the cities to work in factories

Cottage Industry: Home-Based Production of Goods to Sell

D. Changes in Cotton Production: the Textile Industry Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny 1764: 1. 2. Arkwright invented the Waterframe in 1769. Industrialization began in the textile industry; specifically the demand for cotton One invention led to another as spinners and weavers tried to keep up with demand for cotton cloth

Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin While spinners and weavers created inventions to keep up with each other’s speed, the cotton growers were now falling behind n 1793: while working on a plantation in Georgia to pay college debts, Whitney developed Cotton Gin, hoping to receive a patent and thus a handsome profit. n Negative impact: increased demand for both land slave labor due to the profitability of cotton growing n

Industrial Revolution, from 18 th century: – Inventions, new methods boosted agricultural – – – production of crops – more, cheaper food Population surged as food became cheaper Inventions created machines, used new sources of power, to mass produce goods – (Textile industry – cotton -- the first) … … and created new form of transportation – steampowered engines: Railroads New sources of energy -- coal, iron ore, use of water, steam – fueled machines, transportation Factories built to make goods – people moved from rural areas to cities – urbanization

Why did Industrialization begin in England?

E. The Transportation Revolution 1. James Watt developed the steam engine in 1765. 2. Steam was a cheap, convenient source of power. 4. In 1804, the 1 st steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail line. “The Iron Horse”

F. The Effect of the Railroads: 1. 2. 3. 4. Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods & raw materials Created new jobs to construct and operate rails, and in mining Boosted agricultural and fishing industries Increased travel for pleasure and allowed people to take distant jobs

Coal Mining in Britain: Huge Increases from 1800 -1914 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Social Changes: Transportation Economic Changes

Economic Changes Railways cut the cost of transporting goods How many horses would be needed to transport 40 tons by road?

G. Factory Life 1. 2. 3. New machines were large and expensive, so factories were built to house machines. Initially built near power sources (water); later w/ the development of new sources of fuel, factories moved to urban centers People migrated to cities to work in factories

The Railroad Revolution, 1850 s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

Improvements in Transportation n Water Transportation – Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 – England’s water transport improved by system of canals

II. Industrialization Spreads A. Up until 1825 it was illegal for engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave England – 1789: Samuel Slater emigrates illegally to US, – Builds spinning machine from memory and partial design B. A year after Slater arrived in the US: 1 st textile factory opens in US

Germany: – – – Politically divided, but pockets of industrialization Built RR to connect manufacturing cities Econ. strength led to military development by the late 19 th C. , Germany was both an industrial and military powerhouse

France: industrialized after 1850, delayed by war, debts; built RR Spain: cotton production, industrialization delayed by lack of transportation (roads & canals) Austria-Hungary: geography (mountain range) blocked RR building

D. Industrialization in Continental Europe

1. Due to the Napoleonic Wars & the French Rev. (1789 – 1815), G. B. remained the “economic superpower” of the 19 th C. – – – 2. More trade More iron & coal than the rest of the world combined Produced more than 70% of Europe’s cotton cloth After 1815, industrialization spreads to the continent

Industrialization in the US U. S. was mainly agricultural until the end of the Civil War (1865) 2. Technology boom caused by: – Natural resources (oil, coal, iron) – Inventions (light bulb, telephone) – Growing population – Railroads, large cities grew up along RR lines (Chicago, Minneapolis) – Funded by entrepreneurs who sold shares of stock, buyers became part-owners in corporations (Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel) 1.

Lowell Textile Mills

Lowell Mill Girls n n Single young women left rural homes to work as “mill girls” Watched to ensure “proper behavior” 12 hour days/6 days/week, but decent income Good alternative to becoming a servant