Ch 3 Scientific Measurement Measurement Measurement A quantity
- Slides: 28
Ch. 3, Scientific Measurement
Measurement • Measurement: A quantity that has a number and a unit. Like 52 meters.
Scientific Notation • Writing long numbers as smaller ones to a power of ten. • 1, 400, 000 = 1. 4 x 106 = 1. 4 E 6 • . 00056 = 5. 6 x 10 — 4 = 5. 6 E-4 • 15, 093, 000 = 1. 5093 x 107 = 1. 5093 E 7
Accuracy vs. Precision • *Accuracy: How close a measurement comes to the correct value. • *Precision: How close a series of measurements are to one another.
Determining Error of a measurement • Error = Experimental Value - Accepted Value – Can be positive or negative • Percent Error = error / accepted value * 100% – or – Always positive • Example, you measured 99 cm, but it is 100 cm.
• Significant Figures: The digits in a measurement that are known plus one that is not known. – Filled 43. 1 m. L
Rules for Sig Figs • Non-Zero Numbers are always significant – Ex). 236 m has 3 sig figs. • Zeros between non-zero numbers are significant. – Ex) 7003 m and 40. 79 m each have 4 sig figs. • Leftmost zeros are not significant – Ex). 000099 m, 0. 42 m, and. 073 m each have 2 sig figs. • Rightmost zeros are significant if they come before or after a period. – Ex) 9000. m, 90. 00 m, and 9. 090 m each have 4 sig figs.
Rules for Sig Figs • Rightmost zeros with no decimal points are no significant. • Ex) 300 m has 1 sig fig. • Exactly defined quantities have an unlimited number of sig figs. • Seen most when converting between measurements. • 60 min = 1 hour, 100 cm = 1 m each have an unlimited number of sig figs.
Is a Zero a Significant Number or Not? • • 504 L. 06 m. L 50. 0 m 7, 000 km
Sig Figs in Calculations: • Calculations cannot be more precise than the least precise measurement. • Addition or subtraction - Round the final answer to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places. – the last “shared column”. • 13. 4 m + 5. 254 m = 18. 7 m
Sig Figs in Calculations: • Multiplication or Division - The final answer should have the same number of sig figs as the measurement that has the least number of sig figs. • 2. 4526 m x 8. 4 m = 21 m
• In this class, delay rounding until the very end. • (3. 449 L + 6. 57 L) * 8. 779 L / 5. 2 L = 17 L
International System of Units • How much of something you have is given by Units. Like centimeters, kilometers, etc. • SI is the standard measurement system for science.
• • * The five SI units used most by chemists are: Distance = meter (m) Mass = kilogram (kg) Temperature = kelvin (K) Time = second (s) Volume = liter (L) Amount = mole (mol).
• Prefixes can be used in front of units for powers of 10.
• Mass = how much “stuff” is in something. How much matter is in something. • Weight = the pull on something by gravity. • If I go to the moon, which changes and which stays constant? -Weight changes, mass stays the same.
Temperature: • Celsius and Kelvin are units of temperature that are the same, just shifted. • K = C + 273 • Water freezes at 0 C and at 273 K. • Absolute Zero = 0 K; a K value will never be negative.
*Energy • * Energy - The ability to do work or produce heat. • Joule (J) is the SI unit of energy. • Calorie (cal) is another unit of energy. • 1 J =. 239 cal
Conversions Convert 7 mm to m. Convert 12. 4 Mm to cm.
• Convert 7 km/ms to m/s • An experiment asks students to measure 1. 50 g of Cu wire. All we have is a 40. 0 g spool of Cu. How many students can do the experiment?
*Density • *Density = mass / volume • What is the density of 2 g of salt in a volume of 4 L? • What is the density in g/L of 5 kg of salt in a volume of 6 m. L?
If silver has a density of 10. 5 g/L, what is the volume of a silver coin that has a mass of 14 g?
• Density decreases as temperature increases. • D=m/v • As T increases, V increases. • Therefore, density decreases.
Example Problems!!!
• 1. How many sig figs in: 1. 480*105. 00070 1. 000080 3. 00 E 3 • 2. Perform these calculations and come up with answers that have the correct number of sig figs: 5. 667 +. 34 5. 007 E 3 / 1. 20 4. 3 - 1. 3590 5. 309 E 3 * 3 • 3. Convert 3. 4 ng into kg. • 4. Convert 7 E 3 cm into Mm. • 5. What is the mass if a substance with a density of 4. 5 g/L has a volume of 3 L?
6. How many sig figs in: 1010 3000. 0 7. Convert 3 kg into g. Convert 34 cm into m. Convert 4 m into cm. 8. You have a 4 kg box. You measure it to be 5. 8 kg. What is the error? The % error? 9. What is the difference between mass and weight? Accuracy and precision?
• 11. Put 5, 009, 000 into Scientific Notation • 12. Put 0. 00007890 into Scientific Notation. • 13. Put 8. 7 * 10 -4 into a regular number.
• 14. Which is the largest amount? • A. 2*102 g B. 30 kg C. 45 mg D. 190 g • 15. Convert 40 Kelvin into Celsius • 16. Convert 99 Celsius into Kelvin.
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