Ch 3 SAMPLE COLLECTION TREATMENTS 2 1 Sample

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 2 -1. Sample Types & Considering Factors for Collection Sample Types: According to the physical conditions ; solid, liquid, or gas samples According to the representativeness; bulk, partial, or mixed samples According to the conventional names; Rock, soil, stream water, groundwater, coal, plant, food etc. Considering Factors: The essential requisite for the sample is the representativeness of the object of sampling. Then, consider 1) 2) 3) Purpose of sampling Budget for the analysis Characteristics (Types) of the samples

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 2 -2. Collection & Pretreatment of Water Samples Water samples? : Surface water (Streams, lakes, springs, etc. ) Groundwater Meteoric water (rain, snow, fog, etc) Others Considering factors of water sampling; Variable properties responding to a number of surrounding conditions such as T, P, time, biota, geology, etc. Should consider 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Water type Parameters measured in the field Required pretreatment Geological & Hydrological conditions Temporal & spatial variation Others

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS Methods: Scooping Grab sampling Bailor / Bomb Pumping

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS Pretreatments: Filtration; Removal of SS & (microbes), with 0. 1, 0. 2 or 0. 45 mm pore membrane Acidification; Prohibiting pptn of the DS, with HNO 3 Sterilization; Killing all the microbes, with Hg. Cl 2 Refrigeration; Supress microbial activity at 4 C

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 3 -3. Soil Sample Collection & Preparation 3 -3 -1. General Considering Factors ▪ Soil types ▪ Soil profiles ▪ Parents & local geology ▪ Plantation ▪ Land uses ▪ Others 3 -3 -2. Collection Methods ▪ Shovels ▪ Soil core sampler ▪ Auger ▪ Soil moisture sampler ▪ Customized personalized devices

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 3 -3 -3. Sampling Design ▪ Grid ▪ Barbell cluster ▪ Nested Cell ▪ Stratified vs. unstratified 3 -3 -4. Treatment of Soil Samples ▪ Drying ▪ Sieving ▪ Removal of organics ▪ Grinding

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 3 -4. Sediment Sample Collection & Preparation 3 -4 -1. General Considering Factors ▪ Spatial (horizontal) variation ▪ Vertical (depth) variation ▪ Size distribution ▪ Temporal variation ▪ Sedimentation mechanism (sedimentation media) ▪ Disturbance by sampling ▪ Parental rock 3 -4 -2. Collection Methods ▪ Grab ▪ Core sampler ▪ Customized personalized devices

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 3 -4 -3. Sampling Design ▪ Mostly depends on the distribution of the sediments 3 -3 -4. Treatment of Soil Samples ▪ Very similar to the soil sample treatment ▪ Size fractionation

Ch. 3. SAMPLE COLLECTION & TREATMENTS 3 -5. Rock Sample Collection & Preparation 3 -4 -1. General Considering Factors ▪ Rock types ▪ Weathering ▪ Grain size: generally sample size should be 60 times larger than the grain size ex) <1/16 cm 3*4*1 cm ▪ Structure & texture ▪ Others 3 -4 -2. Collection Methods ▪ Hammer ▪ Core sampler ▪ Chiesle