CH 26 IMPERIALISM What is imperialism 1870 1914

CH 26 IMPERIALISM

What is imperialism? § 1870 -1914 were biggest yrs §By 1914, Euro/US/Japan controlled most of world § 1 country taking over another in order to control their govt, trade, culture, etc §Gave larger country more access to: §Raw materials §New markets §Power/prestige §Coaling stations §Didn’t always start out to take over though….

Types of Control §Settlement Colonies: ex. Australia (GB) §People settling in an area together §Dependent Colonies: ex. India (GB) §Euro govt ruling a non-Euro area §Protectorate: local ruler still had “control”, but Euro really made all decisions §Sphere of Influence: an area of land where a country had a special interest

Nationalism §Countries thought they would be more respected if they had more land/colonies §Also wanted access to the natives of the colonies to add to their military to make stronger §Rivalries among powerful nations was HUGE by 1914 §Natives often hated powerful nations that made them colonies §Leading to world conflict…

$$ Reasons §Industrialization started it (raw materials) §Were able to produce so many new products that countries needed new places to sell their goods (new markets) §Some wanted to just sell §Change habits? Ex. Suit/tie in Africa §Rapid pop. Growth…. estimated that pop doubled from 1800 -1900 §Rise in pop/not enough jobs in Euro started to encourage emigration elsewhere (NA, SA, Aust)

Reasons (Culturally) §“White Man’s Burden” poem by Rudyard Kipling §Many people thought that non-Western people (Euro/NA) were uncivilized/primitive §They said that by changing their way of life and them, they were “helping” or “fixing” them §New beliefs, values, etc §Missionaries: religion, teachers, medical care

French in North Africa § 1830: Algiers, however they were not welcomed & fought for about 40 years § 1881: Fr took mil action vs. Tunis (sm country to east of Algiers) for little/no reason—and took it over as a protectorate § 1904: Fr made agreement w/ Spain, Italy, & GB to take over Morocco as long as they left Egypt (GB) & Libya (Italy) alone. § Spain was allowed a sphere of influence in N. Morocco to trade only § 1909 Morocco became a Fr. protectorate

GB in North Africa § 1854: Fr. Company started to build the Suez Canal in Egypt (connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea) § Cost Egypt HUGE amount of $$ § Egyptian leaders led extravagant lifestyle § Egypt in BIG debt § Decided to sell stock in canal to make $$ § GB wanted control of canal, allowed Egypt to get out of debt somewhat § More direct route to colonies in Australia, NZ, India § 1875: GB bought the stock of the canal to gain control § Tension exists b/c Egypt didn’t want to be under foreign control, but GB was actually mostly in charge for years

Fashoda Crisis § Sudan: Egyptian colony south of Egypt (both GB & Fr wanted control bc the Nile went through it) § GB wanted to build dams to control water flow & irrigation § Fr wanted more colonies § Al-Mahdi (Sudan ldr) led revolt vs Egypt for indep § They were doing well, gaining control in several cities § GB decided to stop them, & invaded—quickly won a large portion of the Madhi army § Fr decided to jump in too—bringing troops in from the Congo § Fr & GB met around an area known as Fashoda § Both Fr & GB prepared for war vs each other—until Fr realized they couldn’t defeat GB & backed off, gave up Sudan § GB & Egypt ended up controlling the area together § GB had more power though

Euro in Sub-Saharan Africa § WEST AFRICA § Ctr for slave trade until early 1800 s § Trade chgd to palm oil, feathers, ivory, rubber, etc § Tried to push their way inland to gain more control—met w/ resistance § Samory Toure led fight vs Fr. in Senegal—failed § GB gained control of Gold Coast (Ghana), kingdom of Ashanti § Fr/GB/Ger/Spain/Portugal all had claimed almost all of W. Africa § Exception: Liberia—was settled in 1847 by a large group of former slaves from the US (US helped them to keep their indep)

Euro in Sub-Saharan Africa § CENTRAL/EAST AFRICA § King Leopold II (Belgium) took over the Congo—acting as a private citizen, not being imperialistic for his country § Only about the $$ § Sold raw materials to the point almost depleted (rubber was #1) § Used slave labor § Others MAD at how he was treating everyone, so turned the colony over to Belgium in 1908 § Euro nations split E. Africa into colonies too § Famine: most cattle died due to a disease that came from Euro cattle § Natives starved, and could no longer resist Euro expansion § Dr. David Livingstone: a missionary that disappeared in central Africa brought attn to the area § Journalist Henry Stanley searched for him (NY Herald)

Euro in Sub-Saharan Africa § SOUTH AFRICA (started in 1652: Dutch) § GB took over in early 1800 s—Cape Colony largest city/region § BOERS: were Dutch decendents, spoke own lang (Afrikaans), left S. Africa when GB took over § Est. 3 new colonies: Natal, Orange Free State, & Transvaal § Fought with the Zulu tribe (ldr Shaka) over the lands for yrs, finally defeating them w/ GB help § RHODES: GB businessman moved to S. Africa for better weather (often sick) & built up the diamond industry § Northern colony of Rhodesia named after him (Zimbabwe) § BOER WAR: fight over opening diamond mines in the region § Boers didn’t want Rhodes to mine in their new colonies § 3 yr fight before GB won, allowing Rhodes to mine in Transvaal § In order to keep the peace after, GB supplied Boers w/ $$ to rebuild, keep using their lang/culture, etc § 1910: united Cape Colony & 3 Boer regions into South Africa. § Wrote a constitution that was racially segregated, allowing non-whites NO VOTING RIGHTS § Start of racial segregation in S. Africa

Effect of Imperialism on Africa § Paternalism: Euro controlled ALL aspects of life § Governed like a parent would make decisions for a child § BENEFITS: § New crops/ways of farming § Euro meds for longer & healthier lives § Rds & RR build all over § Improved commun. § Break down tribal barriers (some places) § Alliances (although Euro nations took advantage of! Trick them into doing what they wanted) § Many Africans never assimilated to Euro culture & continued to live as they always had for as long as possible.

Expansion in Asia §INDIA § Brit East India Comp controlled through trade, treated as a private colony thru mid 1850 s § GB govt took direct control § GB controlled 3/5 of Indian subcontinent, rest was Indian states run by a prince in each § GB wanted all the land § Treated Hindu/Muslim = but didn’t try to stop their religious issues § Treated those that opposed them harshly § GB kept order & stopped much violence § Built rds/rr/hospitals/schools/etc & tried to help improve farming

Expansion in Asia §Many GB families moved to India permanently § While living next to Indian fam, had very little/No contact w/ each other § GB “superior” they felt § Educ system developed by GB was VERY impt to India §Ideas for self rule began in late 1800 s/Nationalism § cut ALL ties w/ GB & be independent? § Keep some of GB ideas? § Get rid of GB gradually? § Scared the Muslims (minority) bc GB had protected them

Expansion in Asia §JAPAN § Not in control of other nation, but used Western ideas to chg § Meiji Restoration: 1868: a group of samurai overthrew ldr & put the emporer back in pwr § Convinced him that they needed more western/modern ways (social/govt) § All required to go to school § Could decide what kind of job they wanted to do § 1899: Const says that those that own a lg amt of prop can vote § Emperor had supreme pwr, but rarely used it § 2 house national assembly—Diet § Small group controlled acting under the name of the emperor

Expansion in Asia § Japan indust. Quickly § Bought equip from western countries, gave to indiv to start bus. § Sent students/ldrs to western nations to learn as much as possible § Was 1 st country in Asia to industrialize § Cities linked by RR & phones § Prod goods to sell to other countries § Textiles: silk & cotton § $ from exports pd for imports § Bought raw materials: iron ore & oil (make steel, build ships) § Sino-Japanese War § Scared of other nations coming to imp. them, so began to imp too § China had always controlled Korea, but Japan wanted it—defeated China § Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) ended the war, China giving Korea indep. § Japan gained control of Taiwan & several small islands & part coast of Manchuria § Japan also got trading rights in China § Known now as a WORLD POWER

Imperialism in SE Asia § Spices, tea, tin, oil from here § GB: § Burma: eastern border of India § Singapore: tip of peninsula along 1 of most impt trading routes; also became a naval base § FRANCE: § Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were very unstable— became French Indochina (indep 1950 s) § DUTCH EAST INDIES: § Indonesia—islands betw. E. Asia mainland & Australia § Largest islands were Java, Sumatra, Borneo

US Imperialism in Pacific §Some nat. resources—but wanted mostly for coaling station & mil base §SAMOA: § GB/Ger/US all had rts to diff parts of Samoa—made very tense § 1899: treaty to split up terr § GB gave up bc dealing with Boer War § US got portion that became known as Amer Samoa § Germ got portion that became known as Western Samoa

US Imperialism in Pacific §HAWAII § Pearl Harbor was perfect for US naval base § Rich soil, good rain, mild climate § Amer arrived in 1865: set up sugarcane & pineapple plantations § US initially took over by force pretty much, until Queen Liliuokalani stepped up § She didn’t want foreigners there; very nationalistic! § US aimed ships at coastline until she gave up—didn’t want native HI to be killed § US officially took over in 1898 (state 1959)

US Imperialism in Pacific §PHILIPPINES § Span-Amer war going on (1898), US forces attacked Spanish @ Manila Bay, Phil § Sp fleet there was weak, US won in only a few hours—later attacked on land § Came under US control in only a few months § Some Phil. Welcomed the Amer, some wanted indep § Emilio Aguinaldo led rebels vs. Amer using guerilla tactics § Went on for 3 yrs, US finally defeated rebels in 1902

US Imperialism in Pacific §GUAM § Also taken from Spain @ about the same time as the Phil §WAKE ISLAND § Gave US a chain of islands from the West Coast, thru Pacific, to Asia

Imperialism in Latin Amer §ECON IMPERIALISM § US/Euro imported many goods from L/A bananas, coffee, cigars, wool, beef, etc § Foreign countries/businesses invest $ into factories, ranches, plantations, mines, etc § Foreign bus didn’t keep $ in L/A tho, sent back to home country § L/A nations had to borrow $ from other US/Euro to help make improvements to their country (military, industry, etc) § Couldn’t always repay loans tho § Loan countries often pressured them for repayment w/ military threats

Imperialism in Latin Amer § SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR § CUBA: Sp. Colony, wanted indep—rebellion failed § US worried b/c bus. there & felt they should be free § USS Maine (in Havana Harbor) there to protect Amer. people/bus exploded was initially thought to be Sp. Fault § Sp. Didn’t want war, but also refused to leave Cuba § US decl war w/ Sp in April 1898…. defeated Sp in Philippines in May 1898…. headed to Cuba in July 1898 § US was unprepared to fight in Cuba—Rough Riders had no horses & wool uniforms § Dec 1898: Treaty of Paris Sp gave up Cuba, US got Guam, Puerto Rico, & Philippines § US stayed in Cuba for a few years: built infrastructure & helped get a stable govt set up § Constitution incl Platt Amendment Cuba couldn’t give up land to anyone but US, US allowed to intervene in Cuba if govt starts to falter, Guantanamo Bay military base

Imperialism in Latin Amer § PANAMA CANAL § Dist around S. Amer was 13, 000 miles—needed shortcut! § French company tried to build canal first—not enough men, equipment, too much malaria § Colombia was in chg of Panama at the time, refused to allow US to lease that portion of land, Panama wanted US to come in § US helped Panama revolt vs Colombians, who in turn allowed US to start canal in 1904 § Canal officially opened 1914—huge accomplishment! § New technology (power/steam machinery), increased heath care (control/treat malaria) § Shortened the trip from NY to San Fran by 8, 000 miles!! § Ships traveling thru canal pd a toll

Imperialism in Latin Amer §ROOSEVELT COROLLARY § Defend any indep nation in the western hemisphere § Ensure that all loans to L/A nations were repaid to Euro nations (even if that meant taking over the loans by the US) § Many L/A hated the idea of the US forcing them to repay & “taking care” of them, but still counted on the US to do so several times § US didn’t want any Euro interference on this side of the Atlantic

Imperialism in Latin Amer § Most were poor in Mexico § Foreign businesses controlled most of Mex. Natural resources § Many revolts/rebellions, power turned over to many diff people many times § Amer concerned about bus interests in Mex during unrest § Wanted Pres. Wilson to send in troops, but he didn’t want a war—wait & see § Veracruz: Important port where several Amer soldiers were arrested (quickly released) § Marines took over port & cut off supplies (helped rebels) § Pancho Villa: fought vs Mex govt, attacked large land owners § Went into the US (NM) & killed a dozen Amer (no one is 100% why) § Wilson sent troops to capture Villa, but didn’t give Mex a heads up/ask permission which caused tension § Threat of war between US/Mex US w/drew troops 1917 to avoid war (focus on WWI)