Ch 21 PPT Civil War Bull Run Ends

Ch 21 PPT Civil War

Bull Run Ends the “ 90 -Day War” • July 1861 - Battle of Bull Run: At 1 st, battle went well for the Union, but Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson stood firm. Confederate reinforcements arrived – Union army fled. • Significance: Overconfidence in the South – Soldiers deserted; some feeling the war was over. • North – Realized war wasn’t going to be over quickly

TMWK 21 1. Pg. 455 Political Cartoon: What was happening along the Potomac River in 1862? How does the cartoonist portray the fighting? 2. Pg 457 Much of the Civil War was fought in what areas? Were any battles fought in Union (Northern) areas? Where?

“Tardy George” Mc. Clellan: Peninsula Campaign • Gen Mc. Clellan: Commander of Potomac Army • Great organizer and morale booster, but overcautious –trained troops, but didn’t move - Lincoln ordered him to advance. • 1862 Peninsula Campaign- Mc. Clellan approaches Richmond via rivers – captures Yorktown; continues toward Richmond, but driven back by Gen Lee in the Seven Days’ Battle (Summer 1862) • Significance: If Union had captured Richmond, South wouldn’t have lost much of their way of life. • However, Lincoln decided that South can’t try to break apart the govt. , then come back into the Union without consequences. So Lincoln began to draft an Emancipation Proclamation.

Peninsula Campaign 1862

Name that General!

Name that General!

Name that General!

Name that General!

TMWK 3. Pg 457 paragraph: What was the North’s 6 part Military Plan to win the Civil War?

North’s Military Plan: 6 Parts 1. Suffocate South by sea blockade. 2. Free slaves to undermine South’s economy. 3. Seize control of Mississippi R. to cut the Confederacy in half. 4. Send troops to Georgia and Carolinas. 5. Capture Richmond. 6. Engage the South’s main strength and overtake them.

War at Sea • Blockade wasn’t complete, but focused on South’s main ports. (coast too large to cover all) • Blockade running occurred using swift steamers– risky, but large profits; exchanged arms for cotton. • Northern Navy enforced blockade by seizing British freighters. • Southerners plated the sides of the Merrimack (renamed Virginia) with iron railroad rails. Merrimack destroyed two wooden Union ships. • North Response: Union sent the ironclad Monitor to attack the Merrimack. Confederates eventually destroyed the Merrimack so the Union wouldn’t get a hold of it.

Sea Blockade of South

Sea Blockade of the South

Pivotal Point: Antietam • Aug 1862: 2 nd Battle of Bull Run – Gen Lee against Union Gen John Pope. South won! • Battle of Antietam, Maryland: Gen Lee against Union Gen Mc. Clellan. Lee’s battle plan was found so Gen Mc. Clellan successful in stopping Gen Lee’s march on Border State of Maryland. (battle was a draw). Lee went South, and Mc. Clellan didn’t go after him. Mc. Clellan lost his command. (fired!) • Significance: This “victory” for the North became the springboard for Lincoln to launch a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in Sept 1862. “After Jan 1, 1863: the character of the war will be changed…the South is to be destroyed and replaced…”

TMWK 4. Pg 461 Use the key to describe three points that the map is showing.

Proclamation Without Emancipation • Sept 1862: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation • Jan 1, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation: Declared “forever free” slaves in the Confederates states in rebellion. • Slaves in Border States weren’t affected since Lincoln concerned they would break away. “Thus the Emancipation Proclamation was stronger on proclamation than emancipation. ” • Thousands of slaves flocked to Union armies. 1 in 7 slaves ran away to Union camps. • Strengthened moral cause of the Union and removed any chance of negotiated settlement. • Military desertions greatly increased - not everyone agreed with the Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

Blacks Fighting Bondage • North: Beginning of war – no Blacks in the army. Union Navy used Blacks as cooks, stewards, firemen. • Need for manpower – Blacks eventually accepted; by end of war 180, 000 Blacks served in the Union army. • High casualties – more than 38, 000 died. If captured, many were put to death as slaves in revolt.

Blacks in the South • South: Didn’t enlist Blacks until a month before war ended. However, tens of thousands of Blacks forced into war related labor. • Slave resistance: slowdowns, strikes, defiance, and undermined discipline. • Slaves served as: Union spies, guides, scouts, or provided shelter to war prisoners. • At end of war: half million slaves fled from the plantations. • Many who stayed negotiated new working conditions in factories or on farms.

Battles Continue • Lincoln replaced Mc. Clellan as commander of Army of Potomac with Gen Burnside • Dec 1862: Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia – Union Gen Burnside attacked Gen Lee’s position. Union lost - 12, 000 casualties. • May 1863: Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia – Gen Lee divided his forces and sent “Stonewall” Jackson to attack much larger Union force lead by Gen Joseph Hooker. Lee won a brilliant victory, but unfortunately “Stonewall” Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own men and died. • General Lee: “I have lost my right arm. ”

Rest in Peace Great General: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

TMWK 5. Map pg 464 What was the Northern most point that the Southern Confederates were able to reach during the war? 6. Map Pg 466 During the Battle of Gettysburg, what Hill did Pickett attempt to charge up to attack the North?

Battle of Gettysburg • July 1863: Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Northernmost point reached by Confederate Army) For 3 days, Union troops led by Gen George Meade fought Confederate troops led by Gen Lee and Gen George Pickett. On 3 rd day, Confederate Gen Pickett’s brave charge up Cemetery Ridge failed. Confederate army retreated. • Significance: Last real chance for Confederacy to win the war, but this loss broke the heart and back of the Confederate cause. • Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: invoked principles of human equality and to ensure that democracy would remain a possible form of government

TMWK 7. Map pg 468 What 2 forts did Grant attack in Tennessee in order to get to the Mississippi River? 8. Map Pg 469 Which Northern goal is being reached and what 3 states did the Union invade?

War in the West • Feb 1862, Gen Ulysses S. Grant: 1 st success in Tennessee – Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. • Significance: Kentucky more secured to the Union and opened gateway to enter Tennessee and Georgia. • April 1862: Battle of Shiloh, TN – Confederate forces launched surprise attack on Gen Grant. North won! • May 1863: Battle of Vicksburg, Miss. – Union Gen Grant’s best fought campaign; His Army of the Tennessee crossed the Miss. River - drove Confederate army & Lt Gen John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding city of Vicksburg: 5 days later Port Hudson fell - South loses control of Miss River.

TMWK 9. Pg 471 Chart How many political parties arose during the Election of 1864? Name them.

Election of 1864 • Lincoln’s re-election depended on keeping Republican support and defeating the threat from Peace Democrats and Copperheads. VP running mate = Andrew Johnson, a war Democrat. • Republican party joined with War Democrats = Union party. • Democrat candidate: Gen George Mc. Clellan • Lincoln benefited from Northern victories in battle, plus Northern soldiers were furloughed home to vote for Lincoln. v Peace Democrats and Copperheads = Northern Democrats who opposed Civil War, wanted immediate peace settlement with Confederates. Most famous Copperhead was Ohio's Clement L. Vallandigham, a Congressman.

Election of 1864

Grant Outlasts Lee • After Gettysburg, Gen Grant replaced Meade. • Gen Lee had fewer men. • April 1865: Northern troops captured Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. • Gen Grant met with Gen Lee - made terms and signed surrender document • Confederate Gen Joseph Johnston's army was still fighting the Union Army General Grant

Lincoln Assassinated • April 14, 1865 – 5 days after Gen Lee’s surrender: pro-Southern stage actor, John Wilkes Booth fatally shot Pres Lincoln at Ford’s Theater. • Southerners realize Lincoln’s death was a calamity for them. Lincoln’s moderation would have been better than viewpoint of the Congress. • Vice Pres Andrew Johnson becomes pres. • Booth was shot less than 2 weeks later by a union soldier

Aftermath of Civil War • Over 600, 000 killed; over 400, 000 wounded. Costs $15 billion. • Nation was re-united politically, though for generations still divided by the war. • South collapsed - both economically and socially. • 13 Amendment: passed by Senate, April 1864; passed by the House on Jan 1865; adopted Dec 1865.

TMWK 10. What does the Federal government need to do to re-unite North and South? Write down 2 ideas.

Why is Antietam considered the turning point in the Civil War? Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation Proclamation? What did it really achieve?

Essential Questions • • • Why did both the North and the South believe that it would be a short war? Why is Antietam considered the turning point in the Civil War? Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation Proclamation? What did it really achieve? To what extent did both free and enslaved blacks contribute to the war effort? What was the significance of Gettysburg? How did General Sherman’s military strategy presage modern warfare of the 20 th century? What finally led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox? How did Lincoln’s assassination change the outcome of the Civil War? What are some of the long-term influences of the Civil War? To what extent did the Civil War benefit the freed slaves?