CH 2 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Psychology Through the Lifespan

CH. 2 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Psychology Through the Lifespan by Beyer & Lazzara

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND RESEARCH ■ What is a theory? ■ ■ ■ An explanation Suggests what, how, or why Developmental context - explains change over time A guideline for research It is not a fact. Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES ■ ■ ■ Nature and nurture Progression of development - continuous or discontinuous? Active or Passive Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Psychodynamic Theories

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUA L THEORY ■ ■ Freud: (b. 1856 -d. 1939) Hysteria, trauma, “talking cure” early childhood focus defense mechanisms Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

FREUD’S PARTS OF THE SELF ■ ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Id - pleasure Ego - reality, consciousness Superego - morals

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ■ Each stage has body part focus, development of self ■ oral, anal, phallic, genital ■ Id, then ego, then superego ■ If not satisfied may have fixation with part of body during that stage ■ Criticisms ■ Not scientific ■ Challenged by other theories Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY ■ ■ Student of Freud’s Ego focus and society expectations Father of Developmental Psychology 8 stages Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

ERIKSON’S FIRST FOUR STAGES ■ ■ Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlers) Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood) Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood) Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

ERIKSON’S LAST FOUR STAGES ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Identity vs. Role Confusion (teens) Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife adults) Integrity vs. Despair (late adults)

TEST YOURSELF ■ ■ Who is the father of developmental psychology? According to Freud, which part of the self are we born with? At what age do we establish a basic sense of trust, per Erikson? At what age do we ask ourselves if we have produced something of value, per Erikson? Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING THEORIES Focus on how we learn and emphasizes behaviors that can be seen rather than internal motivation

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ■ ■ Ivan Pavlov Learning through association Feelings or emotions Pairing to be conditioned Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ■ Before conditioning ■ ■ ■ After conditioning ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Unconditioned stimulus (US) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

DEPENDENT VARIABLES ■ ■ ■ Varies in response to what’s introduced Value depends on the IV Focus of the research Effect of IV on DV Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

IDENTIFY THE IV AND DV ■ ■ ■ “Smoking causes cancer. ” “Men commit suicide more frequently than women. ” “Stress declines with exercise. ” “Income increases with education. ” “Studying improves grades. ” “Education reduces prejudices. ” Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

EXPERIMENTS Advantages ■ ■ Establish cause and effect Conditions for establishing cause and effect: ■ ■ ■ IV & DV related IV comes first No outside cause Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Disadvantages ■ ■ Hawthorne Effect Artificial environment/Limited real world generalizations

CASE STUDY ■ ■ ■ Finding out as much as possible about a single case. A variety of techniques Advantages ■ ■ ■ Explore unusual situations Generate hypotheses Disadvantages ■ “confirmation bias” Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

SURVEY VS. INTERVIEWS ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Ask a standard set of questions to a sample of people Directly questioned by researcher with subset of questions (not strict script)

SURVEYS Advantages § Can reach many (telephone, mail, internet) Disadvantages ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Self-report Sensitive topics Requires careful wording Social desirability

INTERVIEWS Advantages ■ ■ Can further explain and probe Vignette Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Disadvantages ■ ■ Social desirability Takes more time and money

SECONDARY/CONTENT ANALYSIS ■ ■ Analyzing information that has already been collected Examples: ■ ■ ■ Census data Headlines in the news Themes in advertising products for boys and girls Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

SECONDARY/CONTENT ANALYSIS Advantages §Information already collected Disadvantages ■ ■ Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara Poor quality data yields poor results Media may not accurately reflect behavior/attitudes

DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS Cross-sectional ■ Varied sample One time measure Change between groups ■ ■ ■ Longitudinal ■ Change within individuals ■ Cross-sequential ■ Varied sample ■ ■ Over time Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGNS Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

REVIEW CHAPTER 2 KEY OBJECTIVES ■ Theoretical considerations: ■ ■ ■ Nature/Nurture, Continuous/discontinuous, Active/Passive Psychosocial: Freud Erikson Behavioral: Classical and Operant Conditioning Cognitive: Piaget and Vygotsky Ecological: Brofenbrenner Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara

KEY TERMS FOR CHAPTER 2 • Freud theory • Piaget’s 4 stages • id, ego, superego • schema • Erikson’s 8 stages • Assimilation vs. accommodation • Classical Conditioning • Vygotsky’s theory • unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response • scaffold/guided participation • Operant Conditioning • Ecological Systems model • positive and negative reinforcement • discontinuous vs continuous • punishment • active/passive • theory • nature/nurture Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara • Zone of Proximal development

THE ONE-MINUTE PAPER § What was the most important thing you learned during this class? § What important question remains unanswered? Psychology Through the Lifespan By: Beyer & Lazzara