Ch 2 3 FOLDABLE NOTES ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES DENA

Ch 2. 3 FOLDABLE NOTES ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES DENA DUPREE BIOLOGY BLOCKS 1, 2, 3, & 4

Organic Macromolecules Make up all living tissues, when chained together by Dehydration Synthesis: OR __________________ broken apart by Hydrolysis:

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches are in a ring shape. • Made of C-H-O in a 1: 2: 1 ratio. • One single monomer is called a monosaccharide, ex. Glucose (C H O ) • Two monomers are called a disaccharide, ex. Sucrose (C H O ) • Three or more monomers are called a polysaccharide (starches): 6 12 24 12 – Glycogen – stored in animals – Cellulose – stored in plants 12 6

Carbohydrates • The process of changing monomers together into polymers is called polymerization. • With carbs it is done through dehydration synthesis. • Carbs provide all animal energy! • Examples: corn, potatoes, pasta, bread, candy, etc.

Lipids

Lipids • Fats, oils, and waxes. • Made of C-H-O in the formation of a chain with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Lipids • This group is a phospholipids. • Two lipids back their fatty acids up and form the bilayer making up the membrane covering of cells. • They create a waterproof covering. • Lipids store energy in layers. • Examples: Butter, vegetable oil, animal fat.

Lipids • There are 3 types of lipids: – Saturated fat which is solid at room temperature and made of a single C-C bond. – Unsaturated fat which is liquid at room temperature and contains at least one double C=C bond. – Polyunsaturated fat which is liquid at room temperature and has multiple double C=C bonds.

Protein • NH 2 COOH

Protein • Made of C-H-O-N chained together by polypeptide bonds. • Each section is an amino acid; when chained together they make 1 protein. • There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids that build all proteins. • Each protein structure is identified in groups. – Amino Group (NH ) – Carboxyl Group (COOH)] – R Group – variable that determines the protein. 2

Proteins • Proteins build muscle tissue, regulate cell process and are the source for catalyst reactions. • Chaining amino acids together is called protein synthesis (translation) and is performed in ribosomal RNA. • Ex. : Glycoproteins, Insulin, Testosterone, and Estrogen, antibodies and enzymes.

Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids • Made of C-H-O-N-P in units called nucleotides containing a P(phosphate) group, a S(sugar) group, and an N(nitrogen base) group. • The type of sugar determines DNA (deoxyribose – double strand) or RNA (ribose – single strand).

Nucleic Acids • DNA nitrogen bases are paired up: – Adenine with Thymine – Guanine with Cytosine • RNA bases are the same EXCEPT Thymine is REPLACED by Uracil. • DNA carries all genetic material for inheritance. • RNA cause protein synthesis that makes protein chains. • ATP is adenosine triphosphate – pure energy formed during cellular respiration for body usage and movement.