Ch 17 Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution Part

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Ch 17 Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution Part 2: Environmental Issues the Search for

Ch 17 Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution Part 2: Environmental Issues the Search for Solutions Power. Point® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott and Heidi Marcum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Virtual sunlight: The LED screen shows the rising sun in Tiananmen Square which is

Virtual sunlight: The LED screen shows the rising sun in Tiananmen Square which is shrouded with heavy smog on January 16, 2014 in Beijing, China. Beijing Municipal Government issued a yellow smog alert this morning Read more: http: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2540955/Beijing-clouded-smog-waysunrise-watch-giant-commercial-screens-Tiananmen-Square. html#ixzz 2 r 9 RKc. Vc. E Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 • Devastating effects of pollution in China 2012 (13 min) • http: //www.

• Devastating effects of pollution in China 2012 (13 min) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q 4 Dt. Ohe 2 Lf. Q • China air pollution to America 2 min • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gsj. ANj. Fl. K 0 MHealth • Common Air pollutants and their source (7 min) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Utd. KRv. WC 1 y. Q • Health Care and Air Pollution • http: //www. scpr. org/news/2010/03/03/rand-study-says-air -pollution-tab-hospitals-193 -mi/ • Intro to air pollution • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Uc. Wpk. WBX 04 E Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

This lecture will help you understand: • The Earth’s atmosphere • Outdoor pollution and

This lecture will help you understand: • The Earth’s atmosphere • Outdoor pollution and solutions • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Acidic deposition and consequences • Indoor air pollution and solutions Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

London Smog of 1952 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson

London Smog of 1952 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Central Case: Charging toward cleaner air in London • London has had bad air

Central Case: Charging toward cleaner air in London • London has had bad air pollution for centuries that has killed thousands • Today, smog from traffic is a problem • The “congestion-charging” program charges drivers to drive into central London during the week • Congestion decreased, fewer accidents occurred and the air became cleaner • London Smog of 1952 (10 min) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= 9 YY 9 IWxlu 2 g Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The atmosphere • Atmosphere = the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth -

The atmosphere • Atmosphere = the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth - Absorbs radiation and moderates climate - Transports and recycles water and nutrients - 78% nitrogen gas, 21% oxygen gas, 1% other gases - Its four layers differ in temperature, density and composition • Minute concentrations of permanent (remain at stable concentrations) and variable gases (varying concentrations) • Human activity is changing the amounts of some gases Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The atmosphere’s composition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin

The atmosphere’s composition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The first two layers of the atmosphere • Troposphere = bottommost layer - Air

The first two layers of the atmosphere • Troposphere = bottommost layer - Air for breathing, weather - Temperature declines with altitude - Tropopause = limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it • Stratosphere = 11 -50 km (7 -31 mi) above sea level - Drier and less dense, with little vertical mixing - Colder in its lower regions - Contains UV radiation-blocking ozone, 17 -30 km (10 -19 mi) above sea level Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The two highest levels of the atmosphere • Mesosphere = 50 -80 km (31

The two highest levels of the atmosphere • Mesosphere = 50 -80 km (31 -56 mi) above sea level - Extremely low air pressure - Temperatures decrease with altitude • Thermosphere = atmosphere’s top layer - Extends upward to 500 m (300 mi) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The atmosphere’s four layers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson

The atmosphere’s four layers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Atmospheric properties • Atmospheric pressure = measures the force per unit area produced by

Atmospheric properties • Atmospheric pressure = measures the force per unit area produced by a column of air - Decreases with altitude • Relative humidity = the ratio of water vapor a given volume of air contains to the amount it could contain at a given temperature • Temperature = varies with location and time Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Air masses have different atmospheric pressures • High-pressure system = air that moves away

Air masses have different atmospheric pressures • High-pressure system = air that moves away from a center of high pressure as it descends - Brings fair weather • Low-pressure system = air moves toward the low atmospheric pressure at the center of the system and spirals upward - Clouds and precipitation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Air masses produce weather • Front = the boundary between air masses that differ

Air masses produce weather • Front = the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature, moisture, and density • Warm Front = the boundary where warm moist air replaces colder, drier air • Cold Front = the boundary where colder, drier air displaces warmer, moister air • http: //www. weather. com/maps/maptype/currentweat herusnational/uscurrentweather_large. html Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The atmosphere drives weather and climate • Weather = specifies atmospheric conditions over short

The atmosphere drives weather and climate • Weather = specifies atmospheric conditions over short time periods and within a small geographic areas • Climate = describes patterns of atmospheric conditions across large geographic regions over long periods of time • Mark Twain said “Climate is what we expect; weather is what we get” Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Solar energy heats the atmosphere • The spatial relationship between the Earth and sun

Solar energy heats the atmosphere • The spatial relationship between the Earth and sun determines the amount of solar energy striking the Earth • Energy from the sun - Heats air - Moves air - Creates seasons - Influences weather and climate • Solar radiation is highest near the equator Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Solar energy creates seasons • Because the Earth is tilted - Each hemisphere tilts

Solar energy creates seasons • Because the Earth is tilted - Each hemisphere tilts toward the sun for half the year - Results in a change of seasons - Equatorial regions are unaffected by this tilt, so days average 12 hours through the year http: //science. sbc c. edu/physics/fla sh/Lengthof. Day. s wf http: //www. mathsisf un. com/measure/se asons. html Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Solar energy causes air to circulate • Air near Earth’s surface is warmer and

Solar energy causes air to circulate • Air near Earth’s surface is warmer and moister than air at higher latitudes • Convective circulation = less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents - Rising air expands and cools - Cool air descends and becomes denser, replacing warm air - Influences both weather and climate Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The atmosphere • Convective currents contribute to climatic patterns and affect moisture distribution •

The atmosphere • Convective currents contribute to climatic patterns and affect moisture distribution • Hadley cells = near the equator, surface air warms, rises, and expands - Releases moisture and heavy rainfall near the equator • Ferrel cells and polar cells = lift air - Creates precipitation at 60 degrees latitude north and south - Causes air to descend at 30 degrees latitude Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Climate patterns and moisture distribution Global Circulation (1: 56) Hadley Cells Corriolus Effect) http:

Climate patterns and moisture distribution Global Circulation (1: 56) Hadley Cells Corriolus Effect) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ye 45 D Gkq. Uk. E https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IMKa_ ubu 8 UM Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Global wind patterns • The atmospheric cells interact with Earth’s rotation to produce global

Global wind patterns • The atmospheric cells interact with Earth’s rotation to produce global wind patterns - As Earth rotates, equatorial regions spin faster • Coriolis effect = the north-south air currents of the convective cells appear to be deflected from a straight path - Results in curving global wind patterns Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Wind patterns • Doldrums = near the equator - Few winds • Trade winds

Wind patterns • Doldrums = near the equator - Few winds • Trade winds = between the equator and 30 degrees latitude - Blow from east to west • Westerlies = from 30 to 60 degrees latitude - Originate from the west and blow east • People used these winds to sail their ships across the ocean • wind patterns showing movement of CO 2 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x 1 Sgm. Fa 0 r 04&safe=active Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Deserts of the world and 30 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing

Deserts of the world and 30 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Thermal inversion • Usually, tropospheric air temperature decreases as altitude increases - Warm air

Thermal inversion • Usually, tropospheric air temperature decreases as altitude increases - Warm air rises, causing vertical mixing • Thermal inversion = a layer of cool air occurs beneath a layer of warmer air - Inversion layer = the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude Temperature Inversion Lab Video 2: 50 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LPvn 9 qh. VFb. M Inversion Layer over Bergen 1: 53 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t. Eh 5 YTDJi. AU Good Inversion animation 1 min http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s 6 kce. YFOj 4 w - Denser, cooler air at the bottom of the layer resists mixing Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings London Smog: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 YY 9 IWxlu 2 g

Outdoor air pollution Most Polluted Cities http: //www. stateoftheair. org/2013/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities. htm l • Air

Outdoor air pollution Most Polluted Cities http: //www. stateoftheair. org/2013/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities. htm l • Air pollutants = gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere - Can affect climate or harm people • Air pollution = the release of pollutants • Outdoor (ambient) air pollution = pollution outside - Has recently decreased due to government policy and improved technologies in developed countries - Developing countries and urban areas still have significant problems Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Natural sources pollute: dust storms • Dust storms = Hundreds of millions of tons

Natural sources pollute: dust storms • Dust storms = Hundreds of millions of tons of dust are blown westward across the Atlantic Ocean by trade winds every year - From Africa to the Americas - Unsustainable farming and grazing, erosion and desertification Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Natural sources pollute: volcanoes • Release large quantities of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide &

Natural sources pollute: volcanoes • Release large quantities of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide & other gases - Can remain for months or years - Aerosols = reflect sunlight back into space and cool the atmosphere and surface Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Natural sources pollute: fires • Pollutes atmosphere with soot and gases • Over 60

Natural sources pollute: fires • Pollutes atmosphere with soot and gases • Over 60 million ha of forests and grasslands burn per year • Severe fires are caused by human interaction - Cleared forests, harsh droughts, and climate change (El Niño) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Types of outdoor air pollution • Air pollution can come from mobile or stationary

Types of outdoor air pollution • Air pollution can come from mobile or stationary sources • Point Sources = specific spots where large quantities of pollutants are discharged (power plants and factories) • Nonpoint Sources = more diffuse, consisting of many small sources (automobiles) • Primary Pollutants = directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances (soot and carbon dioxide) • Secondary Pollutants = form when primary pollutants interact or react with constituents or components of the atmosphere (tropospheric ozone and sulfuric acid) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Differentiate between primary and secondary pollutants. • Primary pollutants are emitted into the troposphere

Differentiate between primary and secondary pollutants. • Primary pollutants are emitted into the troposphere in a form that is directly harmful. • Secondary pollutants are harmful substances produced when primary pollutants interact or when they react with the normal constituents of the atmosphere. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Legislation addresses pollution • Congress passed a series of laws starting in 1955 •

Legislation addresses pollution • Congress passed a series of laws starting in 1955 • The Clean Air Act of 1970 - Sets standards for air quality, limits on emissions - Provides funds for pollution-control research - Allows citizens to sue parties violating the standards • The Clean Air Act of 1990 - Strengthens standards for auto emissions, toxic air pollutants, acidic deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion - Introduced emissions trading Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The EPA sets standards • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets nationwide standards for emissions

The EPA sets standards • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets nationwide standards for emissions of toxic pollutants • States monitor air quality and develop, implement, and enforce regulations within their borders - If a state’s plans for implementation are not adequate, the EPA can take over enforcement Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

History of Federal Atmospheric Pollution Regulation • Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 -

History of Federal Atmospheric Pollution Regulation • Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 - Money allocated to states to improve air quality • Clean Air Act of 1963 - Allowed states to set standards (Standards were different for different states. ) • Air Quality Control Act of 1967 - Divided the country into Air Quality Control Regions (AQMD) and defined methods for setting standards. Only regulates stationary sources (not mobile sources) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

History of Federal Atmospheric Pollution Regulation • Clean Air Act of 1970 - Goals

History of Federal Atmospheric Pollution Regulation • Clean Air Act of 1970 - Goals - Protect Public health from air pollution - Limit the effects of air pollution on the environment - Established National Ambient (outdoor) Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants • Clean Air Act Revisions 1990 - Addressed Acid Rain, VOC’s, CFC’s • Clean Air Act Revisions 2009 - Addressed Greenhouse gas emissions allowing the government to regulate automobile emissions through CAFÉ standards Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide • Criteria pollutants = pollutants judged to pose especially great

Criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide • Criteria pollutants = pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health • Carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless gas - Produced primarily by incomplete combustion of fuel - Binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells and blocks the uptake of Oxygen. - Causes drowsiness, brain damage and death. - Poses risk to humans and animals, even in small concentrations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Criteria pollutants: sulfur and nitrogen dioxide • Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) = colorless gas

Criteria pollutants: sulfur and nitrogen dioxide • Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) = colorless gas with a strong odor - Emissions from combustion of coal and petroleum in electricity generation and industry - Can form acid precipitation (affects p. H of lakes, streams and soil, affects soil cation exchange capacity) • Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) = highly reactive, foul smelling reddish brown gas - Nitrogen oxides (NOx) = nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures - Vehicle engine and industrial combustion, electrical utilities - Contributes to smog and acid precipitation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Criteria pollutants: tropospheric ozone • Tropospheric ozone (O 3) = a colorless gas with

Criteria pollutants: tropospheric ozone • Tropospheric ozone (O 3) = a colorless gas with a strong odor - A secondary pollutant - Results from interactions of sunlight, heat, nitrogen oxides, and volatile carbons (VOC’s) - A major component of smog - Poses a health risk as a result of its instability - Reacts with animal tissues creating pain in most sensitive tissues like lungs, eyes, nose, etc. - Reacts with synthetic carbon compounds like tires, plastics, and latex. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The “Urban Heat Island Effect” and Ozone - Ozone is a bigger problem in

The “Urban Heat Island Effect” and Ozone - Ozone is a bigger problem in cities because the increased amount of cement and asphalt and fewer trees creates a “Heat Island” effect that increases the formation of Ozone. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Criteria pollutants: particulate matter and lead • Particulate matter = solid or liquid particles

Criteria pollutants: particulate matter and lead • Particulate matter = solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere - Primary pollutants: dust and soot - Secondary pollutants: sulfates and nitrates - Damages respiratory tissue when inhaled - Smallest particles PM 2. 5 can enter the blood directly and pass into tissues like the brain. - Most is wind-blown dust - Some particulates form aerosols that decrease primary productivity by limiting the availability of sunlight for plants • Lead = particulate pollutant added to gas and used in industrial metal smelting - Bioaccumulates and causes nervous system malfunction - Banned in gasoline in developed, but not in developing countries Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

China tries to remove PM 2. 0 (8 min) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vc.

China tries to remove PM 2. 0 (8 min) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vc. H 0 T Ad. R 8 FE Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 • Take the Six Criteria Pollutant Quiz: http: //www. epa. gov/eogapti 1/course 422/ap

• Take the Six Criteria Pollutant Quiz: http: //www. epa. gov/eogapti 1/course 422/ap 5. html Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Areas in the U. S. fail air quality standards “Non-Attainment Areas” More than 100

Areas in the U. S. fail air quality standards “Non-Attainment Areas” More than 100 million people live in counties that violate EPA levels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Agencies monitor pollutants • State and local agencies also monitor, calculate, and report to

Agencies monitor pollutants • State and local agencies also monitor, calculate, and report to the EPA the emissions of pollutants - Four criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead - All nitrogen oxides - Not tropospheric ozone (no emissions to monitor) - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) = carboncontaining chemicals used emitted by vehicle engines and industrial processes - Southern California AQMD Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Reasons for the decline in U. S. pollution • Cleaner-burning vehicles and catalytic converters

Reasons for the decline in U. S. pollution • Cleaner-burning vehicles and catalytic converters decrease carbon monoxide • Permit-trading programs and clean coal technologies reduce SO 2 emissions • Scrubbers = technologies that chemically convert or physically remove pollutants before they leave the smokestacks • Phaseout of leaded gasoline • Improved technologies and federal policies Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Formation of Ozone and PANs (The role of combustion, light and VOCs) N 2

Formation of Ozone and PANs (The role of combustion, light and VOCs) N 2 + O 2 NO 2 Heat of Combustion UV Light O + O 2 NO + O O 3 Heat of combustion from car engines, furnaces and power plants form NO 2 UV Light from sunlight will breakdown the NO 2 The lone oxygen atom will react with naturally occurring oxygen to form ozone Normally, the Ozone would react with the NO from reaction 2 and break down into Oxygen O 3+ NO NO 2+O 2 VOCs +NO PANs However, the VOCs Remove NO allowing the Ozone to accumulate and also producing toxic PANs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Formation of PANs (Peroxyacytyl nitrate) Hydrocarbons + O 2 + NO 2 + light

Formation of PANs (Peroxyacytyl nitrate) Hydrocarbons + O 2 + NO 2 + light → CH 3 COOONO 2 PANs are both toxic and irritating, as they dissolve more readily in water than ozone. They are lachrymators, causing eye irritation at concentrations of only a few parts per billion. At higher concentrations they cause extensive damage to vegetation. Both PANs and their chlorinated derivates are said to be mutagenic, as they can be a factor causing skin cancer. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Photochemical Smog devolopment Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin

Photochemical Smog devolopment Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Ozone development Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Ozone development Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Catalytic Converter • Required in automobile emission systems to remove Nitrous Oxides, CO and

Catalytic Converter • Required in automobile emission systems to remove Nitrous Oxides, CO and excess Hydrocarbons from the emissions. • Requires Platinum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

U. S. air pollution In 2006, the U. S. emitted 137 million tons of

U. S. air pollution In 2006, the U. S. emitted 137 million tons of the six major pollutants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Air pollution has decreased since 1970 • Total emissions of the six monitored pollutants

Air pollution has decreased since 1970 • Total emissions of the six monitored pollutants have declined - Despite increased population, energy consumption, miles traveled, and gross domestic product Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Toxic substances also pollute • Toxic air pollutants = substances known to cause cancer;

Toxic substances also pollute • Toxic air pollutants = substances known to cause cancer; reproductive defects; or neurological, development, immune system, or respiratory problems - Some are produced naturally: hydrogen sulfide - Most are produced by humans: smelting, sewage treatment, industry • Not monitored as closely as the six criteria pollutants - Monitoring is improving Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Recent policies have been contentious • President G. W. Bush has pushed proposals that

Recent policies have been contentious • President G. W. Bush has pushed proposals that would overturn key aspects of legislation • New source reviews = old utility plants have to install the best available technology when upgrading - The Bush administration proposed abolishing this requirement and dropped lawsuits against violators • Clear Skies Initiative = establishes a market-based canand-trade program for some pollutants - Stopped in the Senate, because it would increase pollution - The EPA had skewed its analysis to promote the legislation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Burning fossil fuels produces industrial smog • Smog = unhealthy mixtures of air pollutants

Burning fossil fuels produces industrial smog • Smog = unhealthy mixtures of air pollutants over urban areas • Industrial (gray air) smog = industries burn coal or oil - Occurs in cooler, hilly areas - Government regulations in developed countries reduced smog - Coal-burning industrializing countries face significant health risks Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

What is the main cause of industrial smog? • Burning Fossil Fuels Copyright ©

What is the main cause of industrial smog? • Burning Fossil Fuels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Photochemical (brown air) smog • Produced by a series of reactions - Hot, sunny

Photochemical (brown air) smog • Produced by a series of reactions - Hot, sunny cities surrounded by mountains - Light-driven reactions of primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds - Morning traffic exhaust releases pollutants - Irritates eyes, noses, and throats - Vehicle inspection programs in the U. S. have decreased smog Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Industrial smog Photochemical smog • 17. 16 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. ,

Industrial smog Photochemical smog • 17. 16 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Industrial Smog vs. Photochemical Smog Industrial Smog • Chemicals and Particulates from point sources

Industrial Smog vs. Photochemical Smog Industrial Smog • Chemicals and Particulates from point sources (Factories) • Burning Fossil Fuels • CO, CO 2, SO 2 H 2 SO 4, PM Photochemical Smog • Smog from atmospheric reactions with sunlight or UV radiation • NOx, HNO 3, PANs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Air quality is a rural issue, too • Airborne pesticides from farms • Industrial

Air quality is a rural issue, too • Airborne pesticides from farms • Industrial pollutants drifting from cities, factories and powerplants • Feedlots, where cattle, hogs, or chickens are raised in dense concentrations - Voluminous amounts of methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia - People living or working nearby have high rates of respiratory problems Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Industrializing nations face increasing pollution • Outdoor pollution is increasing • Factories and power

Industrializing nations face increasing pollution • Outdoor pollution is increasing • Factories and power plants do not control emissions • Citizens burn traditional fuels (wood and charcoal) • China has the world’s worst air pollution - 80% of Chinese cities have emissions above the safety threshold - Asian brown cloud = a 2 -mile thick layer of pollution that reduces sunlight, affects climate, decreases productivity, and kills thousands each year Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synthetic chemicals deplete stratospheric ozone • Ozone layer = ozone in the lower stratosphere

Synthetic chemicals deplete stratospheric ozone • Ozone layer = ozone in the lower stratosphere - 12 ppm concentrations effectively block incoming damaging ultraviolet radiation • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) = chemicals that attack ozone - 1 million metric tons/year were produced - Releases chlorine atoms that split ozone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The hole in the ozone • Ozone hole = ozone levels over Antarctica had

The hole in the ozone • Ozone hole = ozone levels over Antarctica had declined by 40 -60% - Depletion also in the Arctic and globally - Causes skin cancer, harms crops and decreases ocean productivity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 • One CFC molecule can destroy 100, 000 molecules of ozone. Copyright ©

• One CFC molecule can destroy 100, 000 molecules of ozone. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

https: //www. ucar. edu/learn/1_6_1. htm Animation of how CFC’s breakdown Ozone Copyright © 2008

https: //www. ucar. edu/learn/1_6_1. htm Animation of how CFC’s breakdown Ozone Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Montreal Protocol addressed ozone depletion • Montreal Protocol (1987) = 180 nations agreed

The Montreal Protocol addressed ozone depletion • Montreal Protocol (1987) = 180 nations agreed to cut CFC production in half - Follow-up agreements deepened cuts, advanced timetables and addresses other ozone-depleting chemicals - Today, production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals has decreased 95% - The ozone layer is beginning to recover • Challenges still face us - CFCs will remain in the stratosphere for a long time - Nations can ask for exemptions to the ban Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Montreal Protocol is a success • Considered the biggest environmental success story -

The Montreal Protocol is a success • Considered the biggest environmental success story - Policymakers included industry in helping solve the problem - Implementation of the plan allowed an adaptive management strategy that changed strategies in response to new scientific data, technological advances, and economic figures • The Montreal Protocol can serve as a model for international environmental cooperation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Acid deposition is another trans-boundary issue • Acidic deposition = the deposition of acid,

Acid deposition is another trans-boundary issue • Acidic deposition = the deposition of acid, or acidforming pollutants, from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface - Acid rain = precipitation of acid - Atmospheric deposition = the wet or dry deposition on land of pollutants lower than 5. 6 is - Rain with a p. H considered Acid Rain Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sources of acid deposition • Originates from burning fossil fuels that release sulfur dioxide

Sources of acid deposition • Originates from burning fossil fuels that release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides - These compounds react with water to form sulfuric and nitric acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Effects of acid deposition • Nutrients are leached from topsoil • Soil chemistry is

Effects of acid deposition • Nutrients are leached from topsoil • Soil chemistry is changed • Metal ions (aluminum, zinc, etc. ) are converted into soluble forms that pollute water • Widespread tree mortality • Affects surface water and kills fish • Damages agricultural crops • Erodes stone buildings, corrodes cars, erases writing on tombstones Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

p. H of precipitation in the U. S. Many regions of acidification are downwind

p. H of precipitation in the U. S. Many regions of acidification are downwind of major sources of pollution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movement of Pollutants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin

Movement of Pollutants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Acid deposition has not been greatly reduced • New technologies such as scrubbers have

Acid deposition has not been greatly reduced • New technologies such as scrubbers have helped • SO 2 emissions are lower • But, NOx emissions are higher • Acid deposition’s effects are worse than predicted - The Clean Air Act cannot restore ecosystems - More must be done to control acid deposition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Indoor air pollution The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that indoor air can be two-

Indoor air pollution The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that indoor air can be two- to five-times more polluted than the air outdoors. And while the EPA is responsible for cracking down on outdoor pollution -- the smog, ozone and other chemicals that spew from tailpipes and smokestacks -protecting the air indoors is largely the responsibility of homeowners. Read more: Purify Air - Surprising Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Popular Mechanics Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Indoor air pollution http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gci. Sp 5 X 40 t 0

Indoor air pollution http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gci. Sp 5 X 40 t 0 (2 min) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. SCOn. FLTz. GQ (2 min) http: //www. arb. ca. gov/videos/indoor_poison_large. wmv (5 min) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Grwb. VBKEq. Zg 6 min) • Indoor air contains higher concentrations of pollutants than outdoor air - 6, 000 people die per day from indoor air pollution • The average U. S. citizen spends 90% of the time indoors - Exposed to synthetic materials that have not been comprehensively tested - To reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency, building ventilation systems were sealed off ventilation and windows put in that did not open, trapping pollutants inside Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Indoor air pollution in the developing world • Stems from burning - Wood, charcoal,

Indoor air pollution in the developing world • Stems from burning - Wood, charcoal, dung, crop wastes - Little to no ventilation • Fuel burning pollution causes an estimated 1. 6 million deaths per year - Soot and carbon monoxide - Causes pneumonia, bronchitis, allergies, cataracts, asthma, heart disease, cancer and death Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Developed World: Tobacco smoke and radon • The most dangerous indoor pollutants in the

Developed World: Tobacco smoke and radon • The most dangerous indoor pollutants in the developed world • Secondhand smoke from cigarettes is especially dangerous - Containing over 4000 dangerous chemicals - Causes eye, nose, and throat irritation - Smoking has declined in developed nations • Radon causes 20, 000 deaths a year in the U. S. - A radioactive gas resulting from natural decay of rock; soil; or water, which can seep into buildings - Most homes are now radon resistant Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Radon risk across the U. S. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing

Radon risk across the U. S. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

What is the cause of indoor air pollution? • Some of the biggest problems

What is the cause of indoor air pollution? • Some of the biggest problems come from dust, dander, and mites, as well as toxins given off by furniture and rugs. • The two most dangerous indoor pollutants in developed nations are cigarette smoke and radon Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) • The most diverse group of indoor air pollutants -

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) • The most diverse group of indoor air pollutants - Released by everything from plastics and oils to perfumes and paints - Most VOCs are released in very small amounts - Unclear health implications due to low concentrations - Also include pesticides, which are found indoors more often than outdoors due to seepage - Formaldehyde, which leaks from pressed wood and insulation, irritates mucous membranes and induces skin allergies - VOC paints http: //www. consumerreports. org/cro/videohub/home--garden/home-improvement/testing-low-vocpaints/16935267001/70261233001/ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sources of indoor air pollution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as

Sources of indoor air pollution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sources of Indoor Air Pollution • Showers with chlorinated water • Formaldehyde from carpets,

Sources of Indoor Air Pollution • Showers with chlorinated water • Formaldehyde from carpets, furniture, foam padding, pressed wood • Bacteria and molds from air ducts. • CO and particulates from fireplaces, wood stoves, candles cigarette smoke • Pollen and dander from flowers and pets • Toxins and VOCs from cleaners, pesticides • VOCs from computers and office equipment • Asbestos from insulation and old floor and ceiling tiles • Lead from old paint • Radon from rocks under the house Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Living organisms can pollute indoors • Tiny living organisms can also pollute • Includes

Living organisms can pollute indoors • Tiny living organisms can also pollute • Includes dust mites and animal dander worsen asthma • Fungi, mold, mildew, airborne bacteria cause severe allergies, asthma, and other respiratory ailments • Sick building syndrome = a sickness produced by indoor pollution with general and nonspecific symptoms - Solved by using low-toxicity building materials and good ventilation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

EPA Indicators of a “Sick Building” • When people report relief of symptoms (adverse

EPA Indicators of a “Sick Building” • When people report relief of symptoms (adverse health effects) when outside the building. • When 20% or more of the occupants report some adverse health effect when inside the building. • When occupants report any of the following symptoms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

When occupants report any of the following symptoms • Chronic respiratory problems/irritation of mucous

When occupants report any of the following symptoms • Chronic respiratory problems/irritation of mucous membranes • Sinus infection • Kidney/Liver damage • Sore throat • Ear infections • Irritability • Reduced lung function • Forgetfulness • Onset of chest pain • Asthma • Allergic reactions/responses • Shortness of breath • Muscle twitching/tingling sensation • Hypersensitivity and Pneumonitis • Headaches • Humidifier fever • Rashes/skin irritation • Depression • Eye irritation • Nerve disorders • Impaired vision Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Best solutions for indoor air pollution • Clean ventilation ducts • Increase natural ventilation

Best solutions for indoor air pollution • Clean ventilation ducts • Increase natural ventilation (open windows) • Purchase products with low VOC’s and synthetic components (Products without formaldehyde) • Prohibit smoking in your house or workplace • Leave a vent space under your house • Keep your pets outside • Use non-toxic cleaners and pesticides • Use low VOC paints and varnishes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

We can reduce indoor air pollution • In developed countries: - Stop Smoking -

We can reduce indoor air pollution • In developed countries: - Stop Smoking - Use low-toxicity material (furniture, blankets, paint) - Monitor air quality - Keep rooms clean (without toxic cleaners) - Open windows for ventilation - Limit exposure to chemicals (cleaners, candles, air fresheners) • In developing countries: - Dry wood before burning - Cook outside - Use less-polluting fuels (natural gas) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Agency Responsible for Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution in the workplace • OSHA Copyright

Agency Responsible for Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution in the workplace • OSHA Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Conclusion • Indoor air pollution is a potentially serious health threat - We can

Conclusion • Indoor air pollution is a potentially serious health threat - We can significantly minimize risks • Outdoor air pollution has been addressed by government legislation and regulation in developed countries • Reduction in outdoor air pollution represents some of the greatest strides in environmental protection - There is still room for improvement, especially in developing countries Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review The major component of Earth’s atmosphere is … a) b) c) d)

QUESTION: Review The major component of Earth’s atmosphere is … a) b) c) d) Nitrogen gas Oxygen gas Argon gas Water vapor Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review Ozone in the _____ is a pollutant, but in the ______ is

QUESTION: Review Ozone in the _____ is a pollutant, but in the ______ is vital for life a) b) c) d) Stratosphere, troposphere Troposphere, stratosphere Troposphere, tropopause Stratosphere, thermosphere Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review _____ is defined as the ratio of water vapor in the atmosphere

QUESTION: Review _____ is defined as the ratio of water vapor in the atmosphere compared to the amount the atmosphere could contain a) b) c) d) Atmospheric pressure Ozonification Temperature Relative humidity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review If you were on a sailing ship going from Europe to the

QUESTION: Review If you were on a sailing ship going from Europe to the United States, you would want to be in the ____ a) b) c) d) Doldrums Trade winds Westerlies Polar cell Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review The Clean Air Act does all of the following, except: a) Allows

QUESTION: Review The Clean Air Act does all of the following, except: a) Allows higher levels of emissions of some criteria pollutants b) Provides funds for pollution control research c) Allows citizens to sue violators d) Sets standards for air quality Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review Which criteria pollutant is colorless, odorless, and poses a risk to humans,

QUESTION: Review Which criteria pollutant is colorless, odorless, and poses a risk to humans, even in small amounts? a) b) c) d) Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Tropospheric ozone Carbon monoxide Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Review The Montreal Protocol addressed _______ a) b) c) d) Global warming, and

QUESTION: Review The Montreal Protocol addressed _______ a) b) c) d) Global warming, and was not successful Criteria pollutants, and was successful Ozone depletion, and was successful Acid deposition, and was successful Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What does this graph show about the mesosphere? a)

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What does this graph show about the mesosphere? a) It contains the most ozone b) It is a very thin layer c) Temperature decreases with increasing altitude d) Temperature increases with increasing altitude Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which conclusion can you draw from this graph? a)

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which conclusion can you draw from this graph? a) Even though population and consumption increased, emissions have decreased b) Along with population decreases, emissions have decreased c) People have increased emissions, but only slightly d) All factors show major decreases Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Viewpoints Think of a major city near you. Do you think it should

QUESTION: Viewpoints Think of a major city near you. Do you think it should adopt congestion charging (drivers have to pay to drive downtown)? a) Yes, if mass transit is available b) Yes, but only charge people who do not live in the downtown area c) No; it’s my right to drive where ever I want to d) I don’t care, because I don’t own a car Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

QUESTION: Viewpoints Should the government be able to prevent restaurants from allowing smoking, to

QUESTION: Viewpoints Should the government be able to prevent restaurants from allowing smoking, to protect people from secondhand smoke? a) Yes; I don’t want to be exposed to this form of pollution b) Yes, only if the restaurant agrees c) No, let the restaurant owner decide d) No; I want to be able to smoke in a restaurant Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings