Ch 12 The Cold War PostWar Issues U

Ch. 12 The Cold War & Post-War Issues U. S. Occupation of Japan ► Japan devastated by WWII. ► Focus on economic recovery. ► Lost all conquered land. ► Mac. Arthur supervised reconstruction of Japan’s infrastructure and creation of new gov’t based on democratic ideals. ► New constitution for Japan: 1. Only a self-defense force; 2. Limited size of defense force; 3. Forbidden to declare war; 4. Universal suffrage & rights. U. S. General Mac. Arthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito, 1945.

CHINA Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong met to toast to the Chinese victory over Japan, but their shaky alliance was short-lived. Mao Zedong (1893 -1976) (also Mao Tse-tung) was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. One of the most important figures in modern world history; still controversial. Some regard Mao as a great revolutionary leader; highest expression of Marxism. Supporters believe that the rise of China can be attributed to Mao's leadership.

The Great Leap Forward (1958 -60) – Economic and social plan aimed to transform from the agrarian economy into a modern, industrialized communist society. The Cultural Revolution (1966 -76) – Period of chaos which affected every part of China and the livelihood of the people. Propaganda poster of the steel production objective. "Take steel as the key link, leap forward in all fields". Mao greets U. S. President Richard Nixon (right) on a China visit in 1972. Mao's policies are blamed for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China, and the deaths of millions of Chinese. Cultural Revolution altered the country's moral, historical, and social perceptions.

This propaganda poster shows Mao Zedong as continuing the legacy set by former Communist leaders.

The United Nations International peacekeeping organization. l FDR was the “principal architect” of the UN. l Goals. l Successes and failures. l

I. The United Nations (UN). A. Int’l Peacekeeping Org. 1. Replaced League of Nations. 2. General Assembly – 192 nations. 3. Security Council – 5 nations. 4. Geneva Convention – POW’s. 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The UN’s Charter is based on the traditions of democracy and reaffirms basic human rights, the need for justice, the rule of law, and desire for social progress. Eleanor Roosevelt holding the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948).

The Cold War The Postwar World Order

II. The Cold War (no actual fighting). A. Who: U. S. A. vs. U. S. S. R. B. When: From end of WWII (1945) to the fall of Berlin Wall (1989). C. Why: Different ideologies and mutual distrust. The Cold War was the period of tension and competition between the USA and the USSR and their respective allies. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.

Cold War --- Why? USA & USSR emerged from WWII as world’s two superpowers. l They became rivals through: (1) Different ideologies: communism vs. capitalism. (2) Mutual distrust: Russia wanted 2 nd front in WWII in 1941 (did not get until 1944 w/ D-Day). Atom Bomb kept a secret. League of Nations. l

Cold War --- Why? l Communism Gov’t ownership l State plans & controls economy l Based on “worth” l l Capitalism Private ownership l Private profit l Free competition l Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production.

Understanding World Ideologies Through Two Cows Pure Democracy l You have two cows. All your neighbors decide who gets the milk. Fascism l You have two cows. The government takes both, hires you to take care of them, and sells you the milk. Communism l You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them, and you all share the milk. Real World Communism l You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your neighbors bicker about who has the most "ability" and who has the most "need". Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any milk, and the cows drop dead of starvation. Totalitarianism l You have two cows. The government takes them and denies they ever existed. Milk is banned.

Eastern Europe l USSR: E. E. is buffer against attacks. l USA: E. E. is 1 st attempt to expand empire. Why would the U. S. be afraid of Communism expanding?

Divisions within postwar Germany. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone

The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War. The Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin, which was deep within the Soviet zone of Germany. The Berlin Airlift - A massive airlift using both civil and military aircraft (ultimately lasting 462 days) that flew supplies into the Western-held sectors of Berlin over the blockade during 1948– 1949. Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound plane.

Checkpoint Charlie, Dividing East and West Berlin. 1960’s 2006

The H-Bomb • The United Sates and the Soviet Union were racing to develop the most powerful nuclear weapon. • In 1950, American scientists started working on the H-Bomb, or Hydrogen Bomb which was supposed to be 1, 000 times more powerful than A-Bomb.

“Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two VERY Important Cold War Issues ! l 1945: U. S. tests & drops 1 st atomic (A) bomb. l 1949: USSR tests A-Bomb (U. S. loses monopoly). l 1952: US tests 1 st Hydrogen (H) Bomb. l 1953: USSR tests H-Bomb. l H-Bomb: Up to 1, 000 X (times) the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

“Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two VERY Important Cold War Issues ! l 1957: USSR l Tests missile capable of carrying an H-bomb from USSR to USA. l Puts space satellite “Sputnik” into space: 1 st man-made object to orbit the earth. l 1958: USA counters both moves. l 1961: USSR has 1 st person to orbit earth. l 1969: USA has 1 st person to walk on moon.

The Sputnik crisis was a turning point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower formally brought the U. S. into the Space Race by signing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA and later Project Mercury (the first manned spaceflight program). Mercury space flight in 1961. Oct 3, 1957 (day before Sputnik launch, USSR world’s 1 st ICBM (5, 280 mile range). The Space Race led up to Project Apollo and the moon landings in 1969.

“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. ” -- Neil Armstrong July 20, 1969

D. Arms race - competition for military supremacy. ICBM missile Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. During the USSR’s economic recovery, the growth rate for heavy industry was 3 X that of consumer goods.

Modern-Day ‘Nukes’ Country Warheads active/total* Year of first test Five "nuclear weapons states" from NPT. United States 5, 735/9, 960 1945 ("Trinity“) Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) 5, 830/16, 000 1949 ("RDS-1") United Kingdom <200 1952 ("Hurricane") France 350 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue") China 130 1964 ("596") NPT: ‘Non-Proliferation Treaty’ of 1968 to achieve disarmament of nuclear weapons. 187 nations have signed the Treaty. Other known nuclear powers. India 40 -50 1974 ("Smiling Buddha") Pakistan 30 -52 1998 ("Chagai-I") North Korea 1 -10 2006 Undeclared nuclear weapons states Israel 75 -200 none or unknown An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball, the first U. S. nuclear explosion.

Radiation fallout from a Nuclear attack

World map with nuclear weapons development status. Five "nuclear weapons states" from the NPT. Other known nuclear powers States formerly possessing nuclear weapons. States suspected of being in the process of developing nuclear weapons. States that at one point had nuclear weapons and/or nuclear weapons programs. States that possess nuclear weapons, but have not widely adopted them.

E. North Atlantic Treaty Org (N. A. T. O. ) (1949) – Military alliance formed; members help each other if attacked. F. Warsaw Pact (1955) – Central & Eastern European communist states to counter the threat from NATO members: U. S. , Canada, England, France, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, etc. Warsaw Pact members: U. S. S. R. , Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, etc. Does NATO & Warsaw Pact remind you of the “Alliance System” before WWI ? ? ?

West Germany – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). East Germany – German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Communist countries dominated by but NOT in the USSR (i. e. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) became known as “satellite states. ”

G. The Truman Doctrine (1947) – U. S. foreign policy to contain Communism by giving Greece and Turkey economic aid. 1. Containment – Stop spread of Communism. President Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. It stated that the U. S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. The Doctrine shifted American foreign policy towards a policy of ‘containment’ of Soviet expansion (Kennan). Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine (1947): 1948 Re-election of Pres. Truman. 1. Supported any nation threatened by Communism. 2. Application of Containment policy. 3. Early Successes: Greece & Turkey. Korea & Vietnam: Other successes?

Kennan Containment l State Dept. planner George F. Kennan proposed containment policy: ► A “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansivist tendencies. ” l Bottom line: Don’t allow Communism to grow.

The Marshall Plan Europe’s economy in shambles after WWII. l Marshall proposed aid to “all European countries who needed it. ” l Plan also worked to keep communism from spreading to western Europe. l

H. The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program of 1947) – U. S. plan for rebuilding allied countries of Europe and stopping communism after WWII. Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of total aid per nation. The initiative was named for U. S. Secretary of State George Marshall and the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in July 1947. During that period some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance was given to help the recovery of the European countries.

Marshall Plan l Europe financially weak after WWII. l Sec. Of State George C. Marshall proposed European aid program. l US assisted W. Europe (1) financially & in (2) planning for Europe’s future. W. Europe’s economy quickly regained strength. l USSR & satellites did not participate & their economies did not improve.

Why would Stalin want to “block” The Marshall Plan? ?

Mc. Carthyism - describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the U. S. (late 1940 s to the late 1950 s). Also referred to as the ‘Red Scare’, with increased fears about Communist influence in American. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - prominent and active government committee involved in anti. Communist investigations. Republican U. S. Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy (1950’s).

The Red Scare (1950’s), Led by Republican Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy. A 1947 comic book published as propaganda, warning of the Possible dangers of a Communist takeover.

Printed in Moscow for East German distribution. "High Vigilance and Battle Readiness Guard Your German Democratic Republic. " General Matthew Ridgeway, commander of Postwar American Forces in Europe, as an insect with a bug sprayer atop a flying bomber.

The Berlin Wall: a separation barrier between West Berlin and East Germany (GDR), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for 28 years. Construction on the wall began on August 13, 1961 by Khrushchev, and was dismantled after November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall was an iconic symbol of the Cold War. The "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of escapees from the East.

Daring escapes to the West! Two East Berliners tried to cross “No man’s land” in Aug, 1962. One man made it, the other didn’t. A total of 21 shots were fired by the GDR soldiers.

“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall. ” -- U. S. President Ronald Reagan “Iron Curtain” created that split Europe into The free West, and the Communist East.

2006 1989 The Berlin Wall (Iron Curtain) fell in 1989.

The U– 2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U– 2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U. S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but were forced to admit it when the U. S. S. R produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. The trial of pilot Francis Powers. Lockheed’s U-2 spy plane: max speed – 510 mph; max ceiling – 90, 000 feet. Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. Francis Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on August 19 and sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. He served one and three-quarter years of the sentence before being exchanged for Rudolf Abel on February 10, 1962.

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet was a general who was military dictator and President of Chile from 1973 to 1990. Stating that Chile was under siege by communist subversives, Pinochet implemented a series of security operations in which around 3, 000 suspected or known dissidents and leftists were killed, and around 30, 000 more were tortured. At the time of his death in 2006, around 300 criminal charges in Chile were still pending against Pinochet for alleged human rights abuses and embezzlement during his rule. Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established military dictatorship, 1973. Democratically elected President Allende was overthrown in a coup. Pinochet was the leader of the coup, using his position as Commander-in-chief of the Army to coordinate the gov’t takeover. It is rumored that United States CIA agents helped Pinochet to install his gov’t and suppress the communist uprising in Chile. The use of torture between 1973– 90 was carried out at secret prison facilities.

Among the other countries in the Third World that adopted a pro-communist government at some point were Cuba, North Korea, North Vietnam, Laos, Angola, and Mozambique. By the early 1980 s almost one -third of the world's population lived in Communist states. Laos Mozambique Angola

Uprising Against the Soviets Hungarians flee as the revolution is crushed in Budapest, 1956. 1968 Czechoslovak cartoon showing Soviets as liberators in 1945 and oppressors in 1968. Soviet tanks enter Prague, August 1968. ‘Prague Spring’ was coined by Western media after the event became known worldwide. It made reference to the Springtime of Peoples, a lyrical title given to the Revolutions of 1848.

Soviet Union (1922 -1991) l USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (aka Soviet Union). l Although 15 countries were republics, the only country with real power was Russia.

A quarter of the world's population still lives in Communist states, mostly in China. There are still Communist movements in Latin America and South Asia.