Ch 1 The Human Body An Orientation From

Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.

Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation • • • Overview of Anatomy & Physiology Levels of Structural Organization Maintaining Life Homeostasis Anatomical Language

What are Anatomy & Physiology? • Anatomy • Physiology – ana = apart – tomy = to cut – physio = nature – ology = the study of – study of structure & form of body parts and how these parts relate to one another – study of how the body & its parts work or function to sustain life

3 essential concepts of A & P —form the bedrock of the study of the human body 1. Complementarities of structure & function 2. Hierarchy of structural organization 3. Homeostasis

Review of Systems • Be prepared for a QUIZ at any time after today over the systems. – You should be able to name all 12. – You should be able to describe the function of each. – You should be able to name specific organs or structures of each.

In your notes, list all 12 systems of the body and a summary of each (p. 5 -6 in textbook and also in your Language of Anatomy packet) • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular • • • Lymphatic Immune (sometimes w/ lymphatic) Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive (M & F)

Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1. 2 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 4

Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Figure 1. 2 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 5

Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat

Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Figure 1. 2 d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 7

Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction •

Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1. 2 f Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 9

Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1. 2 g Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 10

Organ System Overview • Immune • More of a functional system instead of an organ system • Tied with lymphatic system • Most important immune cells are lymphocytes and macrophages

Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon

Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1. 2 i Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 12

Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Figure 1. 2 j Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 13

Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1. 2 k Copyright

The Language of Anatomy • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact terms are used for: • Position • Direction • Regions • Structures Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 21

The Language of Anatomy • Anatomical position—anatomical reference point in which the body is erect & the arms are hanging at the sides of the body with palms forward and thumbs pointed away from body. (note: most directional terminology refers to the body as if it were in this position)

• Directional terms—used to explain precisely where one body structure is in relation to another. • Ex. – “Ears are located on each side of the head to the right and left of the nose and slightly higher than the nose. ” – Using anatomical terms, this changes to: “Ears are lateral and superior to the nose. ”

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1. 1 (cont) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assignment due tomorrow • Using the terms on page 12 Table 1. 1 in your textbook (or handout provided)— 1. List the directional terms & definitions in your notes (optional, but recommended). 2. Give 2 examples of each term in your notebook (separate sheet of paper). – Note: These CANNOT include the examples already given.

Regional Terms • See back of directional term handout and learn these regions. – Anterior body landmarks – Posterior body landmarks

Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1. 5 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior Body Landmarks • Anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs abdominal • Point of the shoulder acromial • Anterior surface of elbow antecubital • Armpit axillary • Arm brachial • Cheek area buccal • Wrist carpal • Neck region cervical • Hip coxal • Leg crural • Fingers, toes digital • Thigh femoral

Anterior Body Landmarks • Lateral part of leg fibular • Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin inguinal • Nose area nasal • Mouth oral • Eye area Orbital • Anterior knee patellar • Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly pelvic • Genital region pubic • Breastbone region sternal • Ankle region tarsal • Chest thoracic • Umbilical naval

Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1. 5 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior Body Landmarks • head cephalic • Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle deltoid • buttock gluteal • Area of back between ribs and hips lumbar • Posterior surface of head occipital • Posterior knee area popliteal • Area between hips sacral • Shoulder blade region scapular • The posterior surface of the lower leg; the calf sural • Area of spine vertebral

Body Planes Figure 1. 6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Body Planes • • Imaginary lines in which the body or its organs are cut along. Most common planes are: 1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Transverse There is also the oblique plane Lie at right angles to one another

Sagittal Plane • • Runs longitudinally and divides the body or organ into right and left portions 2 types: 1. Midsagittal—occurs when sagittal plane is exactly midline and the parts are symmetrical or equal (often called the median sagittal plane) 2. Parasagittal—all other sagittal planes are called this

Frontal (coronal) Plane • Runs longitudinally • The body/organ is divided into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse Plane • Runs horizontally across long axis of the body or organ; divides the body into superior and inferior parts • Tissue section cut along this plane for microscope slides are referred to as cross sections (c. s. )

Oblique Plane • Plane that is intermediate between a horizontal and longitudinal plane

Body Cavities 2 major body cavities (dorsal and ventral) are along the vertical axis Ventral body cavity Figure 1. 7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 27

Dorsal Body Cavity • • Nearer the dorsal or posterior surface of the body 2 parts: 1. Cranial cavity—brain encased by skull 2. Vertebral (spinal) cavity—forms a bony enclosure around the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity • • • Anterior side, larger of the closed body cavities Houses a group of internal organs collectively called the viscera 2 major divisions 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity • • • More superior of the two ventral cavities Surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest This cavity is divided into the following areas: 1. Pleural cavities (2)—each houses a lung 2. Mediastinum—contains the pericardial cavity which encloses the heart and also contains the remaining thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea

Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity • • • More inferior cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Has two regions: 1. Abdominal cavity – Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs – Superior to the pelvic cavity 2. Pelvic cavity – Inferior part – Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Ventral Cavity: Serosa (serous membrane) • Thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains. • 2 types: 1. Parietal serosa—part of the membrane lining the cavity walls 2. Visceral serosa—part that covers the organs

Serosa cont. • Within the body the serous layers are separated by a thin, lubricating fluid called serous fluid. • Serous fluid allows organs to slide easily across cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their functions. – This is extremely important when looking at the heart as it pumps blood, and the stomach as it churns during digestion – Inflammation of serous membranes and the accompanying lack of lubricating fluid leads to excruciating pain as organs stick together and drag across one another. Ex. pleurisy or peritonitis Pleurisy Video Clip

Other Body Cavities (most open to body’s exterior) • Oral (mouth) – Contains teeth/tongue – Continuous with the digestive organs • Nasal – Located within the nose – Medially divided cavity is part of and continuous with the passages of respiratory system • Orbital – Houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position

Other body cavities cont. • Middle Ear – Carved into the temporal bone of skull – Contain tiny bones associated with transmission of sound to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. • Synovial – Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of body – Synovial membranes also secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction as bones move across one another

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Medical personnel use a simple scheme and divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 quadrants: RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Figure 1. 8 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 28

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1. 8 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

9 regions of abdominopelvic region used by anatomists • Uses 2 transverse and 2 parasagittal planes – Superior transverse plane is just inferior to ribs – Inferior transverse plane is just superior to hips – Parasagittal plane lies just medial to the nipples

9 regions of abdominopelvic region 1. Umbilical—centermost 4. & 5. R and L Iliac region deep to a (inguinal)—located surrounding navel laterally to hypogastric 2. Epigastric—located 6. & 7. R and L lumbar— superior to umbilical lie laterally to umbilical region 8. & 9. R and L 3. Hypogastric (pubic)— hypochondriac—flank located inferior to the epigastric region umbilical laterally

Have you noticed Word Parts? ? • Here a few you may recognize: Epi—upon, above Gastric—stomach Hypo—below Iliac—superior part of hip bone Lumbus—loin Chondro—cartilage

Thoracic/Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1. 8 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing

8 Divisions of Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Gross anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Microscopic anatomy Developmental anatomy Pathological anatomy Molecular biology Radiographic anatomy

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Gross anatomy 8 Divisions of Anatomy – study of large body structures (heart, lungs, etc. ) Regional anatomy – all structures in given region Systemic anatomy – Anatomy of body, system by system Microscopic anatomy – Study of structures too small to be seen (cytology & histology) Developmental anatomy – Deals with changes in structure from conception thru old age; includes embryology Pathological anatomy – Structural changes in body cells, tissue, & organs caused by disease Molecular biology – Study of molecules necessary for body structure & function Radiographic anatomy – Study of anatomy by means of x-ray images

Anatomy – Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Gross Anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 2 a

Most important tools for studying anatomy are observation, manipulation, and a master of anatomical terminology. Anatomy provides a static image of the living body.

Divisions of Physiology (only a few are listed) • Renal Physiology – Urine production & kidney function • Neurophysiology – Explains workings of nervous system • Cardiac physiology – Examines operation of the heart

• Physiology reveals the dynamic nature of the workings of the living body. • Physiology tends to focus on cellular or molecular level because what the body can do depends on the operation of individual cells, and what cells can do ultimately depends on the chemical rxns that occur within them.

Anatomy & physiology are complimentary sciences. • Explain this statement.

3 essential concepts of A & P —form the bedrock of the study of the human body 1. Complimentarities of structure & function 2. Hierarchy of structural organization 3. Homeostasis

Principle of complimentarity of structure & function • States that what a structure is capable of doing depends critically on its specific design. – Ex. Bones provide support and protection to body organs b/c they contain hard mineral deposits

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Levels of organization: Atom cells tissues organ systems organisms • The organismal level represents the sum total of all levels of complexity working continuously & in unison to promote life. • Multicellular state and the parceling out of vital body functions to several different organ systems result in an interdependence among all body cells.

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1. 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing

8 Necessary Life Functions *Important Note: Organ systems DO NOT work in isolation. They work together to promote the well being of the entire body. *Think about, identify, & discuss in your notes the most important organ systems or aspects of the body that will contribute to each of the necessary life functions.

1. Maintenance of boundaries • Ensures that the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. What systems or aspects?

2. Movement • Involves all activities promoted by the muscular system What activities?

3. Responsiveness (Irritability) • Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then reacting or responding to these changes. Systems? Examples?

4. Digestion • Process of breaking down ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood for distribution to all body cells by CV (cardiovascular) system. System?

5. Metabolism • Encompasses all chemical rxns that occur w/n body cells Systems? Anabolism—synthesizing more complex substances from simpler ones using nutrients & O 2 to produce ATP Catabolism—breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones

6. Excretion • Process of removing excreta, or wastes from the body • 3 types of wastes 1. Undigestible food 2. Nitrogenous metabolic wastes 3. CO 2 Systems?

7. Reproduction • Formation of offspring, can occur at the cellular or organismal level – Cellular reproduction—involves cell division (mitosis) – Organismal level—involves formation and union of reproductive cells/gametes/eggs & sperm to form a fertilized egg • Function of the reproductive system is regulated by hormones of endocrine system.

8. Growth • An increase in size and is usually accomplished through an increase in the number of cells in cell division. • True growth occurs when constructive activities happen at a faster rate than celldestroying activities

Survival Needs • Ultimate goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life. • The following are factors needed by the living organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nutrients Oxygen Water Body temperature Atmospheric pressure

1. Nutrients • Contain the chemical substances used for energy (E) and cell building • CHO major E fuel for body cells • Proteins and fats are essential for building cell structures

2. oxygen • Needed b/c chemical rxns that release E from foods are oxidative rxns which means they require O 2

3. Water • 60 -80% of body weight • Single most abundant chemical substance in the body • Provides liquid environment necessary for chemical rxns and the fluid base for body substances and excretions

4. Body Temperature • Must be maintained at 98⁰F (37⁰C) if chemical rxns are to occur at life sustaining rates 5. Atmospheric Pressure • Breathing and subsequent exchange of O 2 and CO 2 depends on the appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis • Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even as changes occur in the outside environment • This is not a “static” state, but rather a “dynamic” state of equilibrium. This means that the internal conditions change and vary, but always within relatively narrow ranges. • Communication is key! – Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems – These sys. use electrical impulses carried along nerves or blood-borne hormones as info carriers

3 Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 1. Control center – Determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input it receives and then determines the correct response 2. Receptor – Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli – Flow of info from the receptor to control center occurs along the afferent pathway

3. Effector – Provides means by which the control center can cause a response (output) to the stimulus – Info flows from control center to the effector along the efferent pathway – if results of response depresses stimulus, this is known as negative feedback mechanism – If results enhances stimulus, this is known as positive feedback mechanism

Neg. vs. Pos. Feedback Negative feedback Positive feedback • Cause the variable to change in a direction “opposite” to that of the initial change • Variable change that occurs and proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance • Often referred to as “cascades”

Homeostasis cont. • All homeostatic mechanisms have the same goal: prevention of sudden severe changes within the body • Most disease is regarded as a result of the disturbance to homeostasis; thus the term homeostatic imbalance – Ex. As a person ages, organs work less efficient, causing internal environment to become less stable.